Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites

Wang, Zhiping; Lin, Qianqian; Chmiel, Francis; Sakai, Nobuya; Herz, Laura M.; Snaith, Henry J.

doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.135

Cited by 1,294 publications

(1,287 citation statements)

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“…[24] In a similar report, a 3D-2D (MAPbI 3 -PEA 2 PbI 4 ) graded perovskite film resulted in an overall PCE of 19.89%. [26][27][28][29] Very recently, Lee et al incorporation of PEA 2 PbI 4 into the precursor solution of FAPbI 3 . [26][27][28][29] Very recently, Lee et al incorporation of PEA 2 PbI 4 into the precursor solution of FAPbI 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Zhou

Liang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

240

130

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lengths, low exciton binding energy, and ease of solution processability, which promise the perovskite-based photovoltaic devices both high efficiency and low manufacture cost. The intense effort to improve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) has resulted in PCEs of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) increasing from 3.8% in 2009 [5] to over 23% in 9 years. [6,7] Changes in material composition (e.g., using mixed cations and halides together into a 3D lead−halide perovskites, such as [FA/MA]Pb[I/Br] 3 , [8] [FA/Cs]Pb[I/Br] 3 , [9,10] or [Cs/FA/MA]Pb[I/Br] 3[11] ) have played essential role to improve the performances and structural stability. However, the intrinsic instability of the 3D lead−halide perovskites with regard to moisture, heat, light, and oxygen remains to be entirely circumvented. [12,13] Two main measures have been taken to increase the stability of PSCs: providing sufficient protection to the perovskite material [14] and increasing the intrinsic stability of the perovskite material. [15] More importantly, techniques that can improve device stability without sacrificing the efficiency are critical for the future of PSCs. In this regard, strategies called multidimensional perovskite (MDP) using Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite (Class I) or low dimensional polymorphs passivated 3D perovskites (Class II) were brought into being increasing the intrinsic stability of the perovskite material. [16] Ruddlesden-Popper phase layered perovskites ((RNH 3 ) 2 (MA) n−1 Pb n X 3n+1 , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …) [17][18][19][20][21] which was introduced by Smith et al. showed albeit low PCE the superior ambient stability, [18] where RNH 3 are large aliphatic or aromatic ammonium cations represented by n-butylammonium (BA) and 2-phenylethylammonium (PEA). (BA) 2 (MA) 2 Pb 3 I 10 as a light absorber retained its performance after exposure to a highhumidity environment for 60 d. [20] So far the highest reported PCE of Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite-based solar cell is 15.42%. [22] Very recently, Zhang et al. utilized synchrotron source based in situ measurement to disclose the phase transition kinetics during the crystallization of Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite. This study provided insight into the relationship between phase purity, quantum well orientation, and photovoltaic performance. [23] On the other hand, the approaches that involve low dimensional polymorphs passivated 3D perovskites, or 3D-2D perovskite stacked structures attracted extensive interest in recent years. This approach features not only the Supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, for the first time, a fluorinated aromatic cation, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl ammonium iodide (FPEAI), is introduced to grow in situ a low dimensional perovskite layer atop 3D perovskite film with excess PbI 2 . The resulted (p-FC 6 H 4 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 [PbI 4 ] perovskite functions as a protective capping layer to protect the 3D perovskite from moisture. In the meantime, the thin layer facilitates charge transfer at the interfaces, thereby reducing the...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Zhou

Liang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

240

130

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“…

application-oriented research like process engineering and upscaling is observed. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Further advances in stability are based on the charge extracting materials and their interfaces with the perovskite absorber layers. Recently, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) close to 24% were demonstrated for perovskite PV, exceeding the PCEs of established thinfilm technologies.

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confidence: 99%

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Abzieher

Moghadamzadeh

Schackmar

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

148

149

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application-oriented research like process engineering and upscaling is observed. [1][2][3][4][5] Even though other optoelectronic devices like light emitting diodes and lasers are being researched, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] perovskite-based photovoltaics (PV) is the key technology driving the fast emergence of perovskitebased optoelectronics. Recently, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) close to 24% were demonstrated for perovskite PV, exceeding the PCEs of established thinfilm technologies. [14] Despite the rapid progress in terms of PCE, one key challenge of perovskite-based PV is still its low stability under realistic outdoor stress conditions-temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A significant advance toward more stable devices was demonstrated by engineering the composition of the large cation site of the perovskite crystal structure and by including low-dimensional perovskite interlayers and passivation layers. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Further advances in stability are based on the charge extracting materials and their interfaces with the perovskite absorber layers. [21][22][23] Most reported record PCEs are still based on highly expensive organic hole transport layer (HTL) materials like 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di (4methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) or poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA). [20,24,25] Although these materials result in good performance on short High-quality charge carrier transport materials are of key importance for stable and efficient perovskite-based photovoltaics. This work reports on electron-beam-evaporated nickel oxide (NiO x ) layers, resulting in stable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 18.5% when integrated into solar cells employing inkjet-printed perovskite absorbers. By adding oxygen as a process gas and optimizing the layer thickness, transparent and efficient NiOx hole transport layers (HTLs) are fabricated, exhibiting an average absorptance of only 1%. The versatility of the material is demonstrated for different absorber compositions and deposition techniques. As another highlight of this work, all-evaporated perovskite solar cells employing an inorganic NiO x HTL are presented, achieving stable PCEs of up to 15.4%. Along with good PCEs, devices with electron-beam-evaporated NiO x show improved stability under realistic operating conditions with negligible degradation after 40 h of maximum power point tracking at 75 °C. Additionally, a strong improvement in device stability under ultraviolet radiation is found if compared to conventional perovskite solar cell architectures employing other metal oxide charge transport layers (e.g., titanium dioxide). Finally, an all-evaporated perovskite solar mini-module with a NiO x HTL is presented, reaching a PCE of 12.4% on an active device area of 2.3 cm 2 .

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“…The generic molecular formula of 2D RP lead iodide perovskites can be written as (L) 2 A n−1 Pb n I 3n+1 where L + is alkylammonium cation-typically phenylethylamine (C 8 H 11 N, PEA) and butylamine (n-BA), A + is monovalent organic cations such as CH 3 NH 3 + , and the n value is the number of Pb−I octahedral layers between adjacent spacers. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskite solar cells have manifested superior operation durability yet inferior charge transport compared to their 3D counterparts. [19] Besides, the bandgap (E g ) of 2D perovskites increases with narrowing the thickness of the quantum wells (i.e., decreasing the n value), which is incompatible with making use of the full solar spectrum.…”

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confidence: 99%

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

Yan

Honarfar

et al. 2019

Advanced Science

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2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite solar cells have manifested superior operation durability yet inferior charge transport compared to their 3D counterparts. Integrating 3D phases with 2D RP perovskites presents a compromise to maintain respective advantages of both components. Here, the spontaneous generation of 3D phases embedded in 2D perovskite matrix is demonstrated at room temperature via introducing S‐bearing thiophene−2−ethylamine (TEA) as both spacer and stabilizer of inorganic lattices. The resulting 2D/3D bulk heterojunction structures are believed to arise from the compression‐induced epitaxial growth of the 3D phase at the grain boundaries of the 2D phase through the Pb−S interaction. The as‐prepared 2D TEA perovskites exhibit longer exciton diffusion length and extended charge carrier lifetime than the paradigm 2D phenylethylamine (PEA)‐based analogues and hence demonstrate an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 7.20% with significantly increased photocurrent. Dual treatments by NH 4 Cl and dimethyl sulfoxide are further applied to ameliorate the crystallinity and crystal orientation of 2D perovskites. Consequently, TEA‐based devices exhibit a stabilized efficiency over 11% with negligible hysteresis and display excellent ambient stability without encapsulation by preserving 80% efficiency after 270 h storage in air with 60 ± 5% relative humidity at 25 °C.

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Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites

Cited by 1,294 publications

References 51 publications

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

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Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites

Cited by 1,294 publications

References 51 publications

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] Capping Layer

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

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High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer