Efficient and reliable encapsulation for perovskite/silicon tandem solar modules

Toniolo, Francesco; Bristow, Helen; Babics, Maxime; Loiola, Livia M. D.; Liu, Jiang; Said, Ahmed Ali; Xu, Lujia; Aydin, Erkan; Allen, Thomas G.; Meneghetti, Moreno; Nunes, Suzana P.; De Bastiani, Michele; De Wolf, Stefaan

doi:10.1039/d2nr06873g

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although adhesion is not a concern, there have been reports of pressure-induced delamination (e.g., encapsulant peeling off the top electrode). 41,42 Fig. 6 The measured G c values as a function of the incorporation of small molecule additive phosphine oxide (P) and tocylate (T) in the perovskite layer.…”

Section: Top Electrode-encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to improve the mechanical robustness of metal halide perovskite solar cells

Li,

Johnson,

Gil-Escrig

et al. 2024

Energy Adv.

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Section: Top Electrode-encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to improve the mechanical robustness of metal halide perovskite solar cells

Li,

Johnson,

Gil-Escrig

et al. 2024

Energy Adv.

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“…Previously, thermomechanical analysis demonstrated that TPU has a higher energy absorption compared with TPO and this helps to explain why delamination was not observed here for the TPU samples. [ 43 ] Therefore, one solution to alleviate delamination induced by the encapsulant could be to select polymers laminates which are able to better absorb energy and therefore apply less stress to the encapsulated cells. It should be noted that TPU is not a mainstream c‐Si PV solar encapsulant as it is less desirable from the perspective of creep and volumetric resistivity.…”

Section: Mitigation: the Role Of C60 Buffer Layer Quality Sputtering ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Delamination in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules

Bristow,

Li,

Babics

et al. 2024

Solar RRL

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As perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells head toward industrialization, one emerging challenge relates to the mechanical reliability of these organic–inorganic multilayer devices. Herein, the fracture toughness and interfacial strength of monolithic p–i–n perovskite/silicon tandems are assessed in the context of module integration. While the weakest layer in the tandem stack investigated is found to be C60, used here as electron‐transport layer (interfacial tensile strength of 0.64 MPa), more concerningly, the fracture energy of the C60/tin‐oxide interface is found to be only 1.2 J m−2. The low fracture toughness of perovskite/silicon tandems can encourage crack propagation and large‐scale delamination during processes used for their integration into modules such as cell cutting, interconnection, and vacuum lamination. By improving the tin oxide buffer layer properties and reducing sputtering‐induced internal stress (associated with the transparent top electrode deposition onto the tin the oxide buffer layer), the fracture energy is improved to over 160 J m−2. A second strategy to mitigate delamination due to the low fracture toughness of the cells is tailoring encapsulation and cell processing techniques specifically toward the perovskite/silicon tandem technology. In this work, a critical reliability issue, relevant for any perovskite‐based optoelectronic technology requiring device packaging, is addressed.

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“…However, in recent years, p-i-n devices have drawn more attention due to their compatibility with low-temperature processing, enabling applications such as tandem solar cells [5][6][7][8] , and more promising material choices for the HTL in terms of device stability and materials cost 9 . In this configuration, C 60 -based fullerenes are usually chosen as the ETL 8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] , although several alternative materials have been explored as well [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sublimed C60 for efficient and repeatable perovskite-based solar cells

Said,

Aydin,

Ugur

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Thermally evaporated C60 is a near-ubiquitous electron transport layer in state-of-the-art p–i–n perovskite-based solar cells. As perovskite photovoltaic technologies are moving toward industrialization, batch-to-batch reproducibility of device performances becomes crucial. Here, we show that commercial as-received (99.75% pure) C60 source materials may coalesce during repeated thermal evaporation processes, jeopardizing such reproducibility. We find that the coalescence is due to oxygen present in the initial source powder and leads to the formation of deep states within the perovskite bandgap, resulting in a systematic decrease in solar cell performance. However, further purification (through sublimation) of the C60 to 99.95% before evaporation is found to hinder coalescence, with the associated solar cell performances being fully reproducible after repeated processing. We verify the universality of this behavior on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by demonstrating their open-circuit voltages and fill factors to remain at 1950 mV and 81% respectively, over eight repeated processes using the same sublimed C60 source material. Notably, one of these cells achieved a certified power conversion efficiency of 30.9%. These findings provide insights crucial for the advancement of perovskite photovoltaic technologies towards scaled production with high process yield.

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Efficient and reliable encapsulation for perovskite/silicon tandem solar modules

Abstract: Vacuum lamination is currently the best encapsulation for perovskite/silicon tandems. Here, we study the lamination process with two different thermoplastic encapsulants, comparing tandem performance and stability, according to IEC standards of certification.

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Strategies to improve the mechanical robustness of metal halide perovskite solar cells

Strategies to improve the mechanical robustness of metal halide perovskite solar cells

Mitigating Delamination in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules

Sublimed C60 for efficient and repeatable perovskite-based solar cells

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