“…In general, the adsorption site and spatial configuration of ion-selective adsorbents are mainly related to the characteristics of target ions, including ion species, valence, ion radius, ion hydration radius, and Gibbs dehydration energy. Various adsorbents such as inorganics (PBs, AMP, , metal oxides, − metal sulfides − ), organics (commercial ion exchange resins, polymers ,, ), biosorbents (biomass-based charcoal , ), and composites (magnetic composites, MHCF-based materials, − supramolecular derivative-based materials ,− ) have been widely used for the removal of radioactive cesium ions due to their abundant O or S donors and well-dined channels or cages. However, these materials still have low kinetics and secondary pollution during the regeneration process.…”