Graphene oxide (GO) was modified by 3methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) to obtain modified graphene oxide (MGO). MGO was dispersed in urushiol-formaldehyde polymer by mechanical mixing and ultrasonic dispersion, and MGO/urushiolformaldehyde polymer (UFP) coatings with different MGO contents were fabricated. The microstructure, physico-mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of the MGO/UFP composite coatings were investigated. The results indicated that the hardness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance of the MGO/UFP composite coatings were obviously enhanced compared with the pure UFP coatings. The hardness and the adhesion grade of the MGO/UFP composite coatings with 3.5 wt% MGO (GO, 1.5 wt%, and MPS, 2.0 wt%) reached 6H and 2, respectively. Additionally, GO connected with MPS by chemical bond and the well-dispersed MGO in UFP could significantly enhance the anticorrosion performance of the UFP coatings, which could result from bending the diffusion pathway of penetrant species in the UFP coating matrix.