“…There are many other variants to this classic approach, such as particle Gibbs sampling (Andrieu et al, 2010;Doucet et al, 2015), coupled Markov chains (Dodwell et al, 2015(Dodwell et al, , 2019, and more advanced particle filters (Doucet and Johanson, 2011) and proposal mechanisms (Botha et al, 2019;Cotter et al, 2013). It is also important to note that the pseudo-marginal approach is equally valid for Bayesian sampling strategies based on sequential Monte Carlo (Del Moral et al, 2006;Li et al, 2019;Sisson et al, 2007). Furthermore, advances in stochastic simulation (Schnoerr et al, 2017;Warne et al, 2019) can also improve the performance of the likelihood estimator, and the application of multilevel Monte Carlo to particle filters can further reduce estimator variance (Gregory et al, 2016;Jasra et al, 2017Jasra et al, , 2018.…”