Efficient Bit-Parallel Multiplier for All Trinomials Based on n-Term Karatsuba Algorithm

Abstract

Recently, hybrid multiplication schemes over the binary extension field GF (2 m) based on n-term Karatsuba algorithm (KA) have been proposed for irreducible trinomials. Their complexities depend on a decomposition of m and the choice of a generation polynomial. However, these multipliers have some limitations on a decomposition of m or generation polynomial x m + x k + 1 such that m ≥ 2k. In this paper, we loosen such limited conditions. We present a new hybrid bit-parallel multiplier based on n-term KA for any irreducible trinomial x m + x k + 1 (0 < k < m), where m is decomposed as m = nm 0 + r with 0 < r < m 0 and 1 < n. (Here, various values for n, m 0 and r may be chosen.) To this end, we generalize the previously proposed multiplication scheme for x nm0+1 + x k + 1 into x nm0+r + x k + 1. We evaluate the explicit complexity of the proposed multiplier. Specific comparisons show that the proposed multiplier achieves the lowest space complexity with the same or lower time complexity among hybrid multipliers. Compared to the fastest multipliers, the time complexity of the proposed multiplier costs only T X higher while its space complexity is much lower (it has roughly 40% reduced space complexity), where T X is the delay of one 2-input XOR gate. INDEX TERMS Hybrid bit-parallel multiplier, trinomial, Karatsuba algorithm, Mastrovito approach, shifted polynomial basis

Low-Delay FPGA-Based Implementation of Finite Field Multipliers

“…High-speed hardware implementations of arithmetic operations over binary extension fields GF (2 m ) are greatly desirable due to their use in cryptography, digital signal processing and code theory [1]. Multiplication is the most complex and important arithmetic operation, because exponentiation, division and inversion can be realized by consecutive use of finite field multiplication [2], [3], [4], [5]. Among the different basis for representation of GF (2 m ) elements, polynomial basis (PB) is normally used [6], [7].…”