Efficient electro-catalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol using flower-like graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide/palladium nanocomposite for fuel cell application

Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Low Molecular Weight Alcohols—A Review

“…These effects take place when doping elements, such as iridium [ 188 ] or gold [ 36 , 57 , 189 , 190 ], induce an upshift in the palladium d-band center and thus result in stronger adsorption of hydroxide ions, which are crucial for complete alcohol oxidation [ 36 , 188 , 190 ]. This mechanism is similar to the electronic effect that takes place after doping with elements, such as copper [ 32 , 184 ], bismuth [ 39 , 154 ], iron [ 33 , 63 , 114 , 154 , 186 ] or ruthenium [ 24 , 39 ]. Instead of increasing the adsorption of hydroxide ions, an electronic effect takes place; in the breaking of inter-carbon bonds, the charge transfer and desorption of CO-based intermediates are improved [ 24 , 39 , 184 ].…”

“…The metal-free semiconductor g-C 3 N 4 —polymeric graphitic carbon nitride—is also a popular support material because of its low cost, simple preparation and optimal elemental composition of both carbon and nitrogen. These materials are characterized by versatile physicochemical properties and significant electrocatalytic properties, but because of the presence of numerous irregular holes in their structure, they have lower thermal and electrical conductivities than other carbon materials [ 63 , 64 ].…”

“…Even though this metal is more abundant than platinum [ 22 , 36 , 39 , 183 ], its price is higher [ 22 ], but because of its unique catalytic properties and higher stability, this disadvantage can be balanced by the higher efficiency of the oxidation processes [ 22 ]. During the oxidation of polyalcohols on the surface of palladium-based materials, higher peak current densities than in the case of platinum-based electrodes are observed, and the stability of such materials in alkaline media, which provide favorable conditions for such reactions, is remarkable [ 22 , 36 , 63 , 183 ].…”

“…Similar to other catalytic materials, the activity of palladium-based electrodes can be enhanced by doping with other elements that can either modify the surface process mechanism [ 63 ], such as the bifunctional mechanism [ 22 , 39 ] or change the electronic structure of the main metal [ 36 , 148 , 183 , 184 ], thus improving its catalytic performance. Other modifications can be carried out by using highly conductive support materials, which can improve the electron transfer between the electrode and adsorbed molecules [ 36 , 183 , 185 ], or by preparing catalytic materials with high numbers of surface defects, which can improve the charge and mass transfer and decrease the energetic barriers in anodic materials [ 22 , 184 ].…”

Stability of a Fe-Rich Cathode Catalyst in an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

“…Another PtFe composite catalyst was developed by Mayorova et al, using a heterometallic carboxylate complex structure, showing an ORR activity of 20% over the conventional Pt/C catalyst [22]. Mari et al reported a flower-like Pd iron oxide graphitic carbon nitride supported catalyst (g-C3N4/Fe2O3/PdNPs), and the composite structure was found highly effective for the ORR process [23].…”