Efficient Electrolytes for Lithiumâ€“Sulfur Batteries

Angulakshmi, N.; Stephan, A. Manuel

doi:10.3389/fenrg.2015.00017

Cited by 54 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Therefore, the end‐discharge products may not totally convert back to elemental sulfur. As a result, the realistic discharge capacity of lithium–sulfur cells is lower than the theoretical value …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

496

415

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that makes use of intercalation materials as the electrodes (Figure 1), applications involving electric vehicles and smart grids may require rechargeable batteries with new battery chemistries that can generate even higher energy densities for longer driving ranges and higher energy-storage capabilities. [6][7][8] Additionally, the lithiated transition-metal oxides used in commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes tend to be expensive, scarce, or toxic to the environment. Thus, it is desirable to explore new electrode materials that are naturally abundant (and therefore less expensive) as well as environmentally compatible in order to successfully enter the future battery markets. [6,[8][9][10][11] This driving force has promoted the development of batteries with conversionreaction electrodes, in which reversible electrochemical reactions take place and new chemical compounds form during the cycling of the battery. Naturally abundant materials, such as sulfur for the cathode, can be applied as electrodes. Different metallic anodes have shown great potential in coupling with sulfur cathode to generate a high energy density, including lithium metal [3,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17]31] as well as other alkali [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]31] and high-valent metals. [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] As a next-generation energy-storage technology beyond lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries are the most promising low-cost, high-capacity energy-storage device available due to their high charge-storage capacity, low cost, and the wide availability of sulfur. [32][33][34][35] The electrochemical reactions of lithium-sulfur batteries involve reversible conversions between sulfur (S 8 ), lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x = 4-8), and lithium sulfides (Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S). [33][34][35][36] The conversions between sulfur and lithium polysulfides and lithium sulfides involve phase changes between liquid-state polysulfides and solid-state sulfur and sulfides. [35][36][37][38][39][40] Thus, the conversion reaction of lithium-sulfur battery chemistry has no restriction in maintaining the initial crystal chemistry of the electrode during electrochemical cycling. [39][40][41][42] Therefore, a full twoelectron redox reaction per sulfur atom can occur in a manner that is both reversible and stable, increasing the chargestorage capacity drastically as compared to the currently used insertion-reaction oxide cathodes. [7,[39][40][41][42] As a result, sulfur cathodes possess a high theoretical charge-storage capacity of 1672 mA h g −1 , which is the highest value among solid-state Lithium-sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energystorage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low-cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium-sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium-sulfur batteries a potential next-generation energy-storage technology. The current state of the rese...

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Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

496

415

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“…[1][2][3] However, like the previous battery techniques, its development has also experienced a bottleneck recently. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] To meet the ever-increasing demand for high performance electric devices, such as power consumer devices (smart phones, laptops, tablets, etc.) [4][5][6] Moreover, advanced lithium batteries such as Li-S and Li-O 2 batteries are still studied in their embryonic stages of research and all suffered from several obstacles, for instance, poor utilization of Li metal, high cost, safety concerns, complicated chemical reaction mechanism, poor cycling performance and rate capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Structures Based on Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Cong

Xie

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

232

125

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Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (i.e., graphene and its derivatives, transition metal oxides and transition metal dichalcogenides) are receiving a lot attention in energy storage application because of their unprecedented properties and great diversities. However, their re‐stacking or aggregation during the electrode fabrication process has greatly hindered their further developments and applications in rechargeable lithium batteries. Recently, rationally designed hierarchical structures based on 2D nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates in rechargeable lithium battery applications. Numerous synthetic strategies have been developed to obtain hierarchical structures and high‐performance energy storage devices based on these hierarchical structure have been realized. This review summarizes the synthesis and characteristics of three styles of hierarchical architecture, namely three‐dimensional (3D) porous network nanostructures, hollow nanostructures and self‐supported nanoarrays, presents the representative applications of hierarchical structured nanomaterials as functional materials for lithium ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries and lithium‐oxygen batteries, meanwhile sheds light particularly on the relationship between structure engineering and improved electrochemical performance; and provides the existing challenges and the perspectives for this fast emerging field.

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“…25,28 For example, a linear carbonate solvent is decomposed and polysulfides undergo degradation by a nucleophilic attack of polysulfides on the central carbon atom with partial positive charge. 25,28 For example, a linear carbonate solvent is decomposed and polysulfides undergo degradation by a nucleophilic attack of polysulfides on the central carbon atom with partial positive charge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24,25 To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of an electrolyte solvent. 24,25 To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of an electrolyte solvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Features of Electrolyte Solvents that Enable High‐Performance LiS Batteries

Kang

Kim

Park

et al. 2019

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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In a lithium-ion battery, the organic solvent in the electrolyte simply acts as a medium that facilitates ionic charge transfer, whereas for the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, the choice of the electrolyte is critical as it influences the chemical nature of the soluble polysulfides and the cycling stability of the lithium metal anode. Li-S batteries currently use ether-based electrolytes with high polysulfide solubility. Until now, however, the necessary requirements and the roles of the electrolytes have been inconclusive. This work elucidates the essential features and functions of the electrolyte based on an intensive investigation into 17 variants of solvents. Furthermore, examples of electrolytes for high performance, rechargeable Li-S batteries are suggested. The three major study procedures are (1) analyzing the chemical stability of reactive polysulfide species and lithium metal in the solvents of choice, (2) inspecting the chemical reactivity of lithium metal in a polysulfide solution, and (3) evaluating the influences of the solvent on the performance of Li-S cells. Based on the chemical and electrochemical test results, we suggest that the stability of the active materials (i.e., lithium metal and lithium polysulfides) should be ensured in an electrolyte for the proper operation of Li-S cells, that chemical reactions between the polysulfide species and lithium metal should be negligible during the charge-discharge process. In addition, we have confirmed that the high polysulfide solubility is essential for high rate performance.

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Efficient Electrolytes for Lithiumâ€“Sulfur Batteries

Cited by 54 publications

References 94 publications

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Hierarchical Structures Based on Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Essential Features of Electrolyte Solvents that Enable High‐Performance LiS Batteries

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