The integration of machine learning into healthcare, particularly in disease detection, has the potential to transform patient outcomes and alleviate healthcare burdens. This specialized review explores the vast landscape of literature surrounding the application of machine learning in disease detection. Highlighted advantages include early detection, accuracy, personalized medicine, reduction in healthcare costs, and significant public health impact. However, challenges such as data quality, interpretability, data privacy, and integration into clinical practice persist. As machine learning techniques evolve to address these challenges, their role in disease detection is poised to become more integral to modern healthcare, promising better healthcare delivery.