Efficient Entrapment of Alpha-Synuclein Biotinylated Antibody in KCC-1-NH-CS2 and Application for the Sensitive Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Using Recognition of Biomarker: An Innovative Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for the Biomedical Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

The early detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a critical issue in terms of efficiency. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a biomarker in PD checks. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the major constituent of Lewy bodies and a pathogenic hallmark of all synucleinopathies, including PDs, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In this study, KCC-1-NH-CS2 was conjugated with biotinylated Ab and entrapped in P(β-CD) polymer cavities. Using this approach, a novel electrochemical label-free immunosensor was designed for the quantification of α-syn in real human samples. For this purpose, the glassy carbon electrode electropolymerized with P(β-CD) biopolymer provided an excellent matrix for entrapping of KCC-1-NH-CS2 loaded with the biotinylated antibody of α-syn. Using the chronoamperometric technique, the proposed immunosensor shows a suitable range of 0.02 to 64 ng/mL for the determination of α-syn. Additionally, a low limit of quantification of the engineered biosensor was obtained at 0.02 ng/mL. The developed immunosensor’s adequate stability, sensitivity, and selectivity, together with its ease of manufacture, make it a promising diagnostic technique for further research. This study also will pave the way for further applications of the synergetic effect of β-CD and KCC-1-NH-CS2 for biomedical analysis in the near future.

Accelerated synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene and 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine derivatives using dendritic mesoporous nanosilica functionalized by hexamethylenetetramine: a novel nanocatalyst

“…Also, the ability to loading various guest molecules, reactants, and solvents into their internal surface and create the available active catalytic centers, are the main advantages of these nanomaterials in different research areas. 40–42…”

“…Also, the ability to loading various guest molecules, reactants, and solvents into their internal surface and create the available active catalytic centers, are the main advantages of these nanomaterials in different research areas. [40][41][42] Hexamine, 43 also known as methamine and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (Scheme 1), is a white and biocompatible crystalline heterocyclic organic compound that is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. This ammable solid has a cage-like structure and it has been used in the synthesis of some chemical compounds like plastic, pharmaceuticals and rubber additives.…”

Biotinylated Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Immunostaining

“…[71,72] Bioconjugation can take place by adsorption via electrostatic interactions, direct covalent conjugation, or through a strong molecular interaction, such as streptavidinbiotin. The latter approach is often used for immunostaining and biosensing [73,74] and the vast number of biotinylated antibodies are commercially available. Fluorescent immunolabeling of extracellular vesicles using biotin-streptavidin quantum-dot labeling allowed a rigorous and reproducible immunophenotypic characterization.…”

Advances in Amplification Methods for Biosensors

“…In the first study, dendritic fibrous nano-silica particles were decorated by antibodies and deposited onto the electrodes. The high surface coverage of antibodies brought by the nano-particles ensures the sensitive detection of -synuclein, a Parkinson’s disease biomarker [ 7 ]. In the second study, gold nano-particles are grafted on the surface to serve as a signal amplifier in sandwich-type immunno-sensors for the detection of the endocannabinoid 2-AG [ 8 ].…”