Efficient evaluation of humoral immune responses by the use of serum pools

Use of pooled serum samples to assess herd disease status using commercially available ELISAs

“…A similar approach in human medicine has been reported using serum sample pooling for the detection of HIV-positive blood used for transfusion (Soroka et al 2003). Moreover, a Danish study evaluated the use of serum sample pooling using three diagnostic methods (ELISA, line blot, immunofluorescence microscopy) and four diseases (Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis) and confirmed that this approach can be used as a quick and efficient screening method (Sternbaek et al 2017).…”

“…Sample pooling has been proposed as a viable and economic method for diagnosing or monitoring disease at a population level in humans (Sternbaek et al 2017) and animals (Wapenaar et al 2007). The positive and negative predictive value of such a test using pooled sera relies on the Se and Sp of the test and the prevalence of the disease; if the prevalence is low, the test may not be able to detect a positive pool when there are insufficient positive animals contributing to the pool (Graham et al 2019;Lanyon et al 2014).…”

Detection of Epstein–Barr virus in systemic sclerosis patients: A molecular and serological based study

“…To our knowledge, no prior research in SSc patients has explored a link between antibodies against EBV antigen and viral DNA in the circulation. Previously EBV DNA has been detected in SSc lungs, 16 and one recent study has reported upregulation of viral load in the blood as a possible biomarker of vascular damage in SSc patients 20 . A discrepancy in the anti‐EA antibody (increased) and DNA (unchanged) level in the blood was also observed in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) 21 .…”

“…However, compared to other SADs (systemic autoimmune diseases) like RA (rheumatoid arthritis), SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), SS (Sjögren’s syndrome), and MS (multiple sclerosis), the role of EBV in SSc pathogenesis is poorly investigated 15 . This study aimed to examine the antibody response of SSc patients to a more extensive set of EBV antigens encoding the viral envelope and representing the latent and lytic cycles than is routinely utilized for normal diagnostic purposes 16 . Also, the EBV viral load (DNA) was accessed in circulation.…”

“…15 This study aimed to examine the antibody response of SSc patients to a more extensive set of EBV antigens encoding the viral envelope and representing the latent and lytic cycles than is routinely utilized for normal diagnostic purposes. 16 Also, the EBV viral load (DNA) was accessed in circulation.…”