Efficient Extraction of Ferulic Acid from Sugar Beet Pulp Using the Culture Supernatant of Penicillium chrysogenum

Abstract

Ferulic acids have been found in the cell walls of many plant products including maize bran, 1) sugar cane bagasse,2) wheat bran, 3) sugar beet pulp, 4,5) and spinach. 6) In the three former tissues, ferulic acid is esterified to the C 5 of arabinose in arabinoxylan, a 1,4 D xylan to which L arabinofuranosyl residues are attached at position 2 or 3. In contrast, ferulic acids mainly attach to the C 2 position of 1,5 linked arabinofuranose residues or the C 6 of 1,4 linked galactopyranose residues in the hairy region of pectins of sugar beet and spinach. 7,8) Recently, Levigne et al. demonstrated that ferulic acid is also linked to the C 5 position of arabinofuranose residues in sugar beet pectin by analysis of the structures of feruloylated oligosaccharides obtained by treating sugar beets with a commercial enzyme preparation (Driselase). 9) Furthermore, some ferulic acids exist as dehydrodimers (e.g. 5 5 dehydrodiferulic acid) in the cell walls of several plant species, which are formed through an oxidation reaction catalyzed by peroxidases.10,11) Possible roles of ferulic acid in plant cell walls are to decrease the digestibility of the cell wall by microorganisms 12) and to regulate cell growth 13) by cross linking cell wall polysaccharides.Ferulic acid esterases (FAEs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester linkages between ferulic acids and sugars or alcohols. The number of studies concerning microbial FAEs has been increasing in the last ten years and many FAEs have been isolated and characterized. In the utilization of agro industrial wastes such as sugar beet pulp, effective degradation of plant cell walls requires FAEs for the release of ferulic acid as well as polysaccharidases such as xylanases 14) and arabinanases. 15) Moreover, ferulic acid has several potential applications: it may be useful as an anti oxidizing agent, 16,17) an anti inflammatory drug, 18,19) and a food preservative that inhibits microbial growth. 20,21) Enzymatic extraction of ferulic acid from industrial wastes has been studied. Penicillium funiculosum FAEB releases 98% of esterified ferulic acid from wheat bran in the presence of xylanase and releases 35% of esterified ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp in the presence of a mixture of endo arabinanase and L arabinofuranosidase. 22) To the best of our knowledge, that releases more ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp than any other enzyme.In this paper we describe the screening of microorganisms that can achieve high yield extraction of free ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp. In addition, we describe the isolation and some of the characteristics of a novel FAE, termed FAE 1, produced by P. chrysogenum 31B. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and reagents.ResourceQ 6 mL, ResourceS 6 mL, MonoQ HR 5 5, MonoS HR 5 5 and HiLoad 16 60 Superdex 75 columns were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. All other chemicals were from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka) unless otherwise stated, and were of certified reagent grade.Organism and cultivation conditions. The microorganisms...

Purification and characterization of a pH and heat stable esterase from Geobacillus sp. TF17

“…3B). This is similar to earlier findings shown for Penicillium chrysogenum [26], Aspergillus niger [27,28] and Aspergillus oryzae [29] esterases. However, the optimum temperature of Geobacillus sp TF17 esterase is higher than the esterases from Cucurbita pepo Elc and Ell with an optimum temperature between 30 and 40°C [30] and some Bacillus sp.…”

Crystal structure of a feruloyl esterase belonging to the tannase family: A disulfide bond near a catalytic triad

“…FAEs in the Tannase family were once considered to have type C specificity (active on MFA, MSA, M p CA, and MCA) . However, according to current knowledge, only one member of the Tannase family, FaeC from Talaromyces sipitatus ( Ts FaeC), has the typical type C specificity, and the rest of FAEs exhibit very weak or no activity against MSA (type B or type B‐like specificities) . Ao FaeC and Fo FaeC‐12213 from Fusarium oxysporum were reported to have type C specificity .…”

Identification and characterization of three Penicillium chrysogenum α-l-arabinofuranosidases (PcABF43B, PcABF51C, and AFQ1) with different specificities toward arabino-oligosaccharides

“…Elucidating the functions of these l-arabinan-degrading enzymes and harnessing these functions may therefore improve the commercial production of l-arabinose from industrial by-products. In addition to arabinanolytic enzymes, we have found that P. chrysogenum produces various pectolytic enzymes, such as ␤-1,4-galactanases [35], rhamnogalacturonan lyases [36,37], pectin and pectate lyases (unpublished results), and a ferulic acid esterase [19]. Pectolytic enzymes are useful for the processing of plant materials, such as fruit juice clarification, and for preparation of functional oligosaccharides, modulation of the properties of pectins, and analysis of pectin structures [38].…”

“…O-␣-l-arabinofurnosyl-(1→3)-O-[2-O-(feruloyl)-␣-larabinofurannosyl]-(1→ 5)-l-arabinofuranose (feruloylated branched Ara3) was prepared from sugar beet pulp by treatment with Driselase (ASKA Pharmaceutical CO., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), as described previously [18]. Feruloylated branched Ara3 was digested with the ferulic acid esterase (FAE-1) from P. chrysogenum 31B [19], yielding branched Ara3.…”