“…The transformation efficiency varies, depending on the frond, callus, and hormone. The transform efficiency of Lemna reaches 10%–94% (Chhabra, Chaudhary, Sainger, & Jaiwal, 2011; Liu, Wang, et al, 2019; Yang, Fang, et al, 2018), while it is 5%–13% in Spirodela (Rival et al., 2008; Vunsh et al., 2007; Yang, Li, et al, 2018). By contrast, Wolffia has the lowest transform efficiency of about 0.14%–0.4% (Heenatigala et al., 2018; Pavel et al., 2018).…”