“…The most common meta-heuristic approaches which have been used in GCO are TS [3,5,9,24,20,21,29,32,36,42,51], GA [4,26,47], PSO [1,15,26,41,50], SA [37], artificial bee colony [27], artificial immune systems [11] and ACO [12][13][14]44,46]. For the intensification, different approaches like NM [4,5,15,20,26], proximal bundle method [37], APS [19,20], Hooke-Jeeves direct search method [23] and ACO [41] have been applied.…”