“…( 2) are discontinuous-due to α(x)-the standard Gaussian quadrature scheme is not sufficient anymore, which is why the octree integration scheme [3,27] is deployed to capture the discontinuous integrands in the numerical integration process. There exist further improvements to reduce the integration costs, such as moment fitting [24,26,[44][45][46], smart octree [43,61], enhanced octree based on image-compression techniques [72,75], divergence theorem [22], Boolean FCM [1,73], Equivalent Legendre polynomials [2,88], and curve mapping based on Bézier approximation [41,42]. The recently developed non-negative moment fitting [32,63] has been proven to be well suited for complex nonlinear problems.…”