Efficient Optical Modeling of VCSELs using Full-Vectorial FDFD method

Full vectorial analysis of surface relief VCSEL

“…By taking advantage of the circular symmetry of the structure, the problem can be converted to a cylindrical coordinate system. Hence faster and more accurate results can be obtained [4][5][6].…”

“…Furthermore, the complex VCSEL structure can be solved without limitations. Since the whole structure is solved at once, more memory and computational time are required in the full vectorial optical simulation compared to the scalar optical one [4][5][6]9]. In the simulation results, the scalar modes are defined as Linearly Polarized (LP) modes, while in the full vectorial simulations, the modes are hybrid (EH/HE) modes.…”

“…Due to the large optical dimensions of the VCSEL structure, the optical simulation is considered the main computation costly partin terms of computational memory and time - [1][2][3]. As the finite difference method uses the rectangular grid, and due to the layered nature of the VCSEL structure; the Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) method is considered well suited for this kind of structure, therefore Crosslight PICS3D used the FDFD to implement the full vectorial optical solver in the microcavity module [4][5][6]. Furthermore, by employing the circular symmetry of the VCSEL, the problem can be reduced from a full 3D optical cavity problem to a 2.5D cavity one.…”

“…Therefore, the modes in the full vectorial simulation have better confinement inside the active region. Also, the oscillation behavior of the optical mode inside the cladding (due to the diffraction) is only recognized using the full vectorial optical simulation [5][6][7][8]. The single mode VCSEL can be designed either by reducing the device size (by adding an oxide layer to the VCSEL) or by adding a mode selecting technique to suppress the higher order modes.…”

Full vectorial analysis of PCVCSEL devices

“…The 2.5D solver is designed for the cylindrical VCSEL devices, exploiting the circular symmetry reduce the optical simulation problem from a full 3D cavity to a 2D one. In contrast, the 3D optical mode solver is designed to calculate the optical mode in arbitrary shaped devices [7][8][9][10]. Efficient optical simulation model was achieved by leveraging state-of-art parallel computation and sparse eigenmode solver.…”