“…SO 4 •– are typically derived from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) with PMS activating more readily due to its asymmetric structure and longer O–O bond compared to PDS. , Various PMS activation methods have been demonstrated, including ultrasonic, thermal, alkali, UV radiation, transition metals, and carbon materials activation. − However, external energy activation encounters practical limitations due to the extra energy input required, which increases water treatment costs. Co 2+ has shown superior PMS activation efficiency in homogeneous reactions, but the performance of transition metal ions in PMS activation is affected by water system pH, and their homogeneous catalytic use poses recovery challenges, potentially leading to secondary water pollution. , Heterogeneous catalysts, such as Co 3 O 4 , are more suitable for large-scale wastewater treatment, evidenced by their effective activation of PMS for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation and reduced metal ion concentration in effluent . Other transition metals and metal oxides, including manganese, iron, , nickel, and copper, have also been explored for PMS activation.…”