This study reports molecular-level
characterization of brown carbon
(BrC) attributed to water-soluble organic carbon in six snowpack samples
collected from northern Xinjiang, China. The molecular composition
and light-absorbing properties of BrC chromophores were unraveled
by application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled
to a photodiode array (PDA) detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
The chromophores were classified into five major types, that is, (1) phenolic/lignin-derived
compounds, (2) flavonoids, (3) nitroaromatics, (4) oxygenated aromatics, and (5) other chromophores. Identified chromophores account for ∼23–64% of the
total light absorption measured by the PDA detector in the wavelength
range of 300–370 nm. In the representative samples from urban
and remote areas, oxygenated aromatics and nitroaromatics dominate the absorption in the wavelengths
below and above 320 nm, respectively. The highly polluted urban sample
shows the most complex HPLC-PDA chromatogram, and more other chromophores
contribute to the bulk absorption. Phenolic/lignin-derived
compounds are the most light-absorbing species in the soil-influenced
sample. Chromophores in two remote samples exhibit ultraviolet–visible
features distinct from other samples, which are attributed to flavonoids. Identification of individual chromophores and
quantitative analysis of their optical properties are helpful for
elucidating the roles of BrC in snow radiative balance and photochemistry.