“…Environmental estrogens pose a serious threat to human and wildlife health because they can cause abnormalities in development, metabolism, or reproduction, such as irregular menstruation, precocious puberty, obesity, and cancer (Grundy et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2014;Qie et al, 2021). Estradiol (natural) and BPA (synthetic) are two typical EEs (Bhandari et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2022;Prakash et al, 2023;Ren et al, 2019). Estradiol concentrations as high as 313 ng/L in the Salt River (Arizona, USA) and Huron River (Michigan, USA) and BPA concentrations as high as 370 ng/L in effluents in Japan have been examined (Fukazawa et al, 2001;Yoon et al, 2003).…”