Efficient RPM Method for Detecting R and S Waves of ECG Signals

Abstract

This study proposes a simple and effective method, termed Relative Position Mapping (RPM) method, to detect the Q and S waves of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. This detection method employs the Finite-Impulse-Response (FIR) filter. The proposed RPM method consists of four procedures, (1) ECG signals under test are filtered by FIR and then their difference signal is obtained, (2) based on such difference signal, the search intervals for both Q and S waves are found, (3) the search intervals of both Q and S waves are mapped back to the original ECG signals under test, and (4) based on the R wave, both Q and S waves are detected. This study is examined by using 48 records from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, each record is a 30-min ML-II ECG signals. Experimental results show that the average failed detection rate of the proposed RPM method is approximately 0.82% and their execution time is less than 1 minute for each 30-min record. The proposed RPM method is a simple and efficient detection method for detecting both R and S waves of ECG signals.

Role of Intermediate States in Protein Folding and Misfolding

“…In the last years, a large body of kinetic and equilibrium data have provided extensive information on the protein folding pathway(s) and on the structural properties of intermediate states, thus providing a relevant contribution to better understanding the process [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Its high complexity, however, renders hard a deep comprehension of the mechanism(s) governing protein folding [5,9,10].…”