“…(1) Unfavorable speed-quality trade-off: Many constrained scheduling problems can be solved exactly using integer linear programming (ILP) (Hwang et al, 1991;Floudas & Lin, 2005;Steiner et al, 2022;Yin et al, 2022), satisfiability (SAT) (Steiner, 2010;Zhang et al, 2004;Coelho & Vanhoucke, 2011), or constraint programming (CP) formulations (Christofides et al, 1987;Laborie et al, 2018;Baptiste et al, 2001;Cesta et al, 2002). However, these approaches suffer from limited scalability.…”