“…As a vigorous method to achieve Q-switched or mode-locked operation, various low-dimensional SA materials are utilized as modulating devices to generate the laser pulses. Common materials are graphene [17,18], semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors (SESAMs) [19,20], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [21,22], transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [23,24], topological insulators (TIs) [25], black phosphorus (BP) [26], Mxenes [27], Xenes [28], phosphorene [29,30], ferromagnetic insulators (FIs) [31,32], silicene [33,34], and tellurene [35]. Mid-Infrared PQS and mode-locked fiber lasers at 2-3 μm wavelength range were demonstrated by incorporating CNT/SESAM/Selenide-nanoflowers SAs in the cavity [14,36,37].…”