“…These uncertainties generally arise from the manufacturing process and material properties. To improve the robustness and ensure the reliability of electromagnetic (EM) devices under various uncertainties, several probabilistic design optimisation techniques, such as robust design optimisation (RDO) and reliability-based design optimisation (RBDO), have been developed [1][2][3][4]. The purpose of RDO is to find a less-sensitive optimal solution under uncertainties, which results in a minimal variance in performance, while satisfying all design constraints.…”