This paper aims to provide guidance as to how better to assess sustainability in certification schemes, such as the Australian Forestry Standard, and to provide suggestions for related changes to certification guidelines.The meaning of sustainability in relation to forestry and the principles underpinning sustainability and the calculation of sustained yield are examined to see how best they can be assessed in certification schemes, given the complexities of temporal and spatial change. To be useful in certification, such principles need to be capable of translation into auditable features, be they qualitative or quantitative. They also need to recognise the realities of demand and supply movements, landscape change, natural disasters, technological change and risk management. Forestry Tasmania's sustainable yield planning provides a case study that illuminates some of these issues, including the associated process of risk management.The sustainability of jointly supplied environmental goods and services (e.g. wood and biodiversity) is more difficult to assess but also needs to be capable of audit-often involving, among other things, spatial assessment of conditions such as species diversity, fragmentation and connectedness and application of the precautionary principle.