Efficient Transformation of Waste Bone Oil into High Quality Biodiesel via a Synergistic Catalysis of Porous Organic Polymer Solid Acid and Porous γ-Al₂O₃-K₂O Solid Base

Abstract

We report here a novel synergistic catalysis system combined with porous organic polymeric solid acid (H-PDVB-SO 3 H) and K 2 O doped porous γ-Al 2 O 3 solid base (γ-Al 2 O 3 -K 2 O). H-PDVB-SO 3 H and γ-Al 2 O 3 -K 2 O have abundant nanopores, controllable surface wettability, and high concentrations of acidic and basic sites. The synergistic catalysis system exploited by us could efficiently transform acidulated bone oil and plant oil into high quality biodiesel under mild conditions, which achieved ASTM specifications pertaining to acid number and total and free glycerin. Acidulated bone is a bone meal treated with sulfuric acid containing high-value hydrocarbons, which is generated in large amounts by the cattle industry. This work develops an efficient and cost-effective approach to transform animal waste into high quality biodiesel.

Meso‐macroporous Carbons Decorated with Ample Nitrogen Sites as Bifunctional Catalysts in CO2 Catalytic Conversion and Oxygen Reduction Reaction

“…As displayed in Figure 2, all samples show type‐IV isotherms with large adsorption amount at higher relative pressure range of 0.88∼1.0, which indicates the ample presence of meso‐macroporous structures in those of samples [38–46] . Moreover, wide distribution ranging from 0 to 50 nm was found all the 3D‐NHPC‐x samples, confirming the formation of hierarchical nanopores in 3D‐NHPC‐x [47–55] . The textural parameters in Table 1 show that the 3D‐NHPC‐x are large in BET surface areas (479∼753 m 2 /g) and total pore volumes (2.23∼2.85 cm 3 /g).…”

Heterogeneously Chemo/Enzyme-Functionalized Porous Polymeric Catalysts of High-Performance for Efficient Biodiesel Production

“…However, Liu et al investigated key physicochemical properties of polydivinylbenzene-based polymer acid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis in-depth, especially with focus on the catalyst dilatability, hydrophobicity, and oleophilicity (Table , entries 5–8). − Hydrothermal polymerization was carried out using DVB as a monomer, azobis­(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator, and THF/H 2 O as a solvent, which could give a swelling mesoporous PDVB polymeric precursor. After sulfonation with different amounts of chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO 3 H) in CH 2 Cl 2 , solid polymer acid catalysts (PDVB- x -SO 3 Hs) bearing organic framework were obtained from PDVB and found to exhibit large surface area (280–380 m 2 /g), affluent mesoporosity, and high -SO 3 H concentration­(3.9–4.1 mmol/g).…”

“…From a practical point of view, Liu et al reported a novel synergistic catalysis process by coupling organic polymer acid (H-PDVB-SO 3 H) with K 2 O-doped porous γ-Al 2 O 3 solid base (γ-Al 2 O 3 -K 2 O) for biodiesel production using waste acidulated bone oil as raw feedstock. Combo H-PDVB-SO 3 H and γ-Al 2 O 3 -K 2 O-mediated catalytic system is effective and economic for converting waste oils into high-quality biodiesel, in view of its commendable reaction activity and satisfying recyclability, to some extent . Although the aforementioned catalysts performed well in both processes of esterification and transesterification, several extremely dangerous reagents such as ClSO 3 H need to be used for the polymeric catalyst preparation.…”

“…In comparison with commercial ZSM5 zeolite, carbonaceous acid, and Amberlyst-15 catalysts, the prepared p- Combo H-PDVB-SO 3 H and γ-Al 2 O 3 -K 2 O-mediated catalytic system is effective and economic for converting waste oils into high-quality biodiesel, in view of its commendable reaction activity and satisfying recyclability, to some extent. 33 Although the aforementioned catalysts performed well in both processes of esterification and transesterification, several extremely dangerous reagents such as ClSO 3 H need to be used for the polymeric catalyst preparation. As an improved alternative, Zhang et al presented a simple process to construct a stable polymer acid (PES-cl-90) composed of cross-linked poly(ether sulfone) and high -SO 3 H content by using sulfonic monomer directly via copolymerization (Table 1, entry 9).…”

Synthesis and Properties of a Bio-based Plasticizer Derived from Fatty Acid Methyl Ester of Erucic Acid

“…The cooking oil-based biodegradable-polymer films have attracted the curiosity of many people owing to their capacity to replace traditional petrochemical products in a variety of ways [32]. Epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters (E-FAME) are the essential raw material that may be utilized as an additional plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [33][34][35]. Potential plasticizers included cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid triesters produced from vegetable oil, which demonstrated good compatibility with PVC and, in some cases, even better compatibility than DEHP [36].…”