“…Research related to brain tumors using deep learning methods has attracted the interest of world researchers (Dang et al, 2022;Demir et al, 2023;Emam et al, 2023;Farajzadeh et al, 2023;Kanchanamala et al, 2023;Mehnatkesh et al, 2023;Tabatabaei et al, 2023). Previous research used the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) method with the EfficientNet architecture (Isunuri & Kakarla, 2023;Nayak et al, 2022;Shah et al, 2022;Tripathy et al, 2023;Zulfiqar et al, 2023), multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) and fuzzy classifier (Vankdothu & Hameed, 2022), hybrid model combined CNN and SVM (Khairandish et al, 2022), SVM and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (Sachdeva et al, 2016), hybrid machine learning (ML) k-nearest https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/st/issue/view/1064 neighbour and k-means clustering (Rinesh et al, 2022), accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO) based artificial neural network model (ANNM) (Pradeep et al, 2022), particle swarm optimization (PCA) algorithms (Zahid et al, 2022), atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Huml et al, 2023), CNN-pretrained ResNet-50, Inception-v3, and VGG-16 (Srinivas et al, 2022), Genetic Algorithm and U-Net (Arif et al, 2022).…”