Efflorescence on thin sections of calcareous stones

Malaga-Starzec, Katarina; Lindqvist, Oliver; Panas, Itai

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2003.09.002

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The presence of gypsum may be explained as a possible environmental modification of residual material left over from the preparation of the parchment or perhaps the accidental or intentional addition of gypsum to the paint mixture itself. 39 Sulfation is a problem commonly encountered with structural marble 40 or wall paintings 41 but is rarely described in illuminated manuscripts. In this case, it does not appear to have affected the integrity or adhesion of the paint layers.…”

Section: Nativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Investigations of Bourdichon Miniatures: Masterpieces of Light and Color

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metallic bismuth, pyrite (FeS2), and specular hematite (Fe2O3) were found to have been used extensively on two miniatures taken from the Book of Hours of Louis XII by Jean Bourdichon, painter at the Royal Court of France between the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries. These unusual materials were identified, together with thirteen other more traditional pigments and dyes, by Raman microscopy and X-ray fluorescence. Pyrite was found in many areas, suggesting that it may have been deliberately added as a pigment. The luminary quality of both miniatures was enhanced by the extensive use of shell gold throughout, but other less common materials such as specular hematite and mosaic gold were also utilized. Metallic bismuth was used, alone or in admixture with other pigments, to create a soft gray color. Its identification as a paint material was complemented by the study of the optical and visual properties of standard samples of metallic bismuth and several bismuth compounds. Evidence for the use of a bismuth pencil was also found.

show abstract

Section: Nativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Investigations of Bourdichon Miniatures: Masterpieces of Light and Color

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The main factors responsible for physical degradation include water, salt crystallization, wind action, and thermal stress [65]. The result of these physical phenomena that affect the stone are the phenomena of alveolization [66,67], efflorescence [68], etc. Chemical degradation assumes a prominent role in stone materials due to its ability to induce chemical alterations in the original material, resulting in the formation of byproducts characterized by high solubility in many cases.…”

Section: Degradation Of Stone Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Methodologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage against Biodeterioration: A Review

Cirone,

Figoli,

Galiano

et al. 2023

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of traditional biocidal products in cultural heritage has suffered a slowdown due to the risks related to human health and the environment. Thus, many studies have been carried out with the aim of testing innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this framework, this review attempts to provide an overview of some novel potential products with biocidal action, tested to counteract the process of degradation of paper and stone materials due to microbial activity, keeping in mind the sustainability criteria. In particular, we have focused our attention on the testing of nanotechnologies, essential oils, DES (deep eutectic solvents) with low toxicity, and colloidal substances for conservation purposes.

show abstract

“…In fact, various authors have suggested that the forms of decay, the habits of the gypsum crystals and the development of the gypsum crust depend on the intrinsic (crystal size, mineralogical composition, pore system, surface finish) and extrinsic (degree of relative humidity, atmospheric composition, temperature, etc.) properties of the rock (Elfving et al, 1994a;Malaga-Starzec et al, 2003;Charola et al, 2007;Thornbush and Viles, 2007;Urosevic et al, 2013). In particular, the clast/crystal size could be an important factor in the different alteration processes observed in the four types of rock studied (Gauri et al, 1982): in the rocks with a smaller grain size such as TA, AR and especially MR, more gypsum appeared, something that seemed to occur regardless of the type of rock, given that in MR much smaller amounts of calcite were available compared to any of the other three types.…”

Section: Roughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Surface Finishes and a Calcium Phosphate-Based Consolidant on the Decay of Sedimentary Building Stones Due to Acid Attack

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Natural stone has long been used as a building material because of its physical-mechanical resistance and its esthetic appeal. However, over the last century increasing industrial activity has produced more acidic environments, such as polluted urban areas, that can cause serious damage to many buildings and historic monuments, and in particular those made with carbonate rocks, which are most prone to decay. In order to mitigate the physicochemical processes that degrade these buildings, a number of phosphate-based consolidants have been developed, which are highly compatible with the carbonated substrate. Research about the role of the surface and its different possible finishes in the transmission of the agents that damage or protect the stone would therefore be very useful, both when choosing the most suitable stone for new constructions and when restoring historic buildings. The main objective of this research was to determine whether the roughness of three types of surface finish (sawcut, honed and bush-hammered) influences the durability of four types of natural stone (two calcarenites, one travertine and one sandstone) widely used in Andalusia (Spain). The efficacy of a calcium phosphate-based consolidant as a mitigator of deterioration in polluted urban environments was also studied and to this end the physical properties of untreated and treated samples were measured and compared. The samples were exposed to artificial atmospheres with SO 2 pollution in order to assess the damage caused to each surface finish.The results indicate that all the surface finishes were vulnerable to the decay caused by acidic atmospheres, although the saw-cut finish was less affected, perhaps because it did not require additional industrial processing. The mineral composition and texture of the rocks were critical factors in terms of the amount and type of decay they suffered, and the travertine and sandstone were more resistant to deterioration than the calcarenites. Similarly, the pore system of each rock was decisive in the penetration of the consolidant. Application of the consolidant improved the behavior of the treated samples by making them more resistant to acid attack without significantly altering the water vapor permeability, the color or the roughness of the surface.

show abstract

Efflorescence on thin sections of calcareous stones

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Spectroscopic Investigations of Bourdichon Miniatures: Masterpieces of Light and Color

Spectroscopic Investigations of Bourdichon Miniatures: Masterpieces of Light and Color

Innovative Methodologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage against Biodeterioration: A Review

Influence of Surface Finishes and a Calcium Phosphate-Based Consolidant on the Decay of Sedimentary Building Stones Due to Acid Attack

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About