Efflorescent sulfates from Baia Sprie mining area (Romania) — Acid mine drainage and climatological approach

Buzatu, A.; Dill, Harald G.; Buzgar, Nicolae; Damian, Gheorghe; Maftei, Andreea Elena; Apopei, Andrei Ionuț

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.139

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Symmetric bending vibrations ν 2 occur at 372, 435, 474, and 502 cm −1 , whereas bands at 576, 606, and 635 cm −1 can be attributed to ν 4 antisymmetric bending modes. The band at 848 cm −1 can be interpreted as due to librations of H 2 O groups, in agreement with previous authors (e.g., [19,20]). Finally, bands at wavenumbers lower than 300 cm −1 (147, 206, 243, and 286 cm −1 ) can be related to lattice vibrations and Fe-O modes.…”

Section: Chemical and Spectroscopic Datasupporting

confidence: 92%

Crystal-Chemistry of Sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VII. Magnanelliite, K3Fe3+2(SO4)4 (OH)(H2O)2, a New Sulfate from the Monte Arsiccio Mine

2019

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The new mineral species magnanelliite, K 3 Fe 3+ 2 (SO 4 ) 4 (OH)(H 2 O) 2 , was discovered in the Monte Arsiccio mine, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy. It occurs as steeply terminated prisms, up to 0.5 mm in length, yellow to orange-yellow in color, with a vitreous luster. Streak is pale yellow, Mohs hardness is ca. 3, and cleavage is good on {010}, fair on {100}. The measured density is 2.82(3) g/cm 3 . Magnanelliite is optically biaxial (+), with α = 1.628(2), β = 1.637(2), γ = 1.665(2) (white light), 2V meas = 60(2) • , and 2V calc = 59.9 • . It exhibits a strong dispersion,Xˆc 25 • in the obtuse angle β. It is pleochroic, with X = orange yellow, Y and Z = yellow. Magnanelliite is associated with alum-(K), giacovazzoite, gypsum, jarosite, krausite, melanterite, and scordariite. Electron microprobe analyses give (wt.%): SO 3 47.82, TiO 2 0.05, Al 2 O 3 0.40, Fe 2 O 3 25.21, MgO 0.07, Na 2 O 0.20, K 2 O 21.35, H 2 O calc 6.85, total 101.95. On the basis of 19 anions per formula unit, assuming the occurrence of one (OH) − and two H 2 O groups, the empirical chemical formula of magnanelliite is (K 2.98 Na 0.04 ) Σ3.02 (Fe 3+ 2.08 Al 0.05 Mg 0.01 ) Σ2.14 S 3.93 O 16 (OH)(H 2 O) 2 . The ideal end-member formula can be written as K 3 Fe 3+ 2 (SO 4 ) 4 (OH)(H 2 O) 2 . Magnanelliite is monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 7.5491(3), b = 16.8652 (6), c = 12.1574(4) Å, β = 94.064(1) • , V = 1543.95(10) Å 3 , Z = 4. Strongest diffraction lines of the observed X-ray powder pattern are [d(in Å), estimated visual intensity, hkl]: 6.9, medium, 021 and 110; 4.91, medium-weak, 022; 3.612, medium-weak, 132, 023, and 113; 3.085, strong, 202, 150, and 133; 3.006, medium, 004, 151, and 151; 2.704, medium, 152 and 223; 2.597, medium-weak, 242; 2.410, medium-weak, 153. The crystal structure of magnanelliite has been refined using X-ray single-crystal data to a final R 1 = 0.025, on the basis of 2411 reflections with F o > 4σ(F o ) and 144 refined parameters. The crystal structure is isotypic with that of alcaparrosaite, K 3 Ti 4+ Fe 3+ (SO) 4 O(H 2 O) 2 .

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Section: Chemical and Spectroscopic Datasupporting

confidence: 92%

Crystal-Chemistry of Sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VII. Magnanelliite, K3Fe3+2(SO4)4 (OH)(H2O)2, a New Sulfate from the Monte Arsiccio Mine

2019

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“…Most of the reported efflorescent mineral formations so far occur in areas associated with (1) ore mining deposition from highly acidic solutions/streams caused by acid mine drainage (AMD) during dry seasons, waste heaps, and dumps [26][27][28][29][30]70,[77][78][79][80]; (2) coal mining within coal seams and on coal fuel heaps in thermoelectric plants as a result of framboidal pyrite oxidation [81]; (3) natural precipitation from streams during dry seasons on the surface and underground; (4) volcanic and other hydrothermal activity [82], etc. In natural conditions, such formations are subject to periodical dissolution by rainfalls.…”

Section: Environmental Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter being a result of the high reactivity to oxygen and water. Pyrite oxidation [20][21][22][23][24] leads to the formation of a number of water-soluble sulfates [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Their formation in situ on pyrite-containing wastes in tailing impoundments or other waste storage facilities is more abundant but can be observed during certain environmental conditions, usually employing low humidity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efflorescent Sulfate Crystallization on Fractured and Polished Colloform Pyrite Surfaces: A Migration Pathway of Trace Elements

2019

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The colloform pyrite variety incorporates many trace elements that are released in the environment during rapid oxidation. Colloform pyrite from the Chiprovtsi silver-lead deposit in Bulgaria and its oxidation efflorescent products were studied using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pyrite is enriched with (in ppm): Co (0.1ammoniomagnesiovoltaite were identified in the efflorescent sulfate assemblage. Sulfate minerals contain not only inherited elements from pyrite (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, In, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and Pb), but also newly introduced elements (Na, and Th). Voltaite group minerals, copiapite, magnesiocopiapite, and römerite incorporate most of the trace elements, especially the most hazardous As, Sb, Hg, and Tl. Colloform pyrite occurrence in the Chiprovtsi deposit is limited. Its association with marbles would further restrict the oxidation and release of hazardous elements into the environment.Minerals 2020, 10, 12 2 of 25 trace metals, such as thallium, and the production of sulfuric acid. However, its abundance makes pyrite also the major constituent of mine waste and the main contributor to the formation of acid mine drainage in some mining areas. The latter being a result of the high reactivity to oxygen and water. Pyrite oxidation [20][21][22][23][24] leads to the formation of a number of water-soluble sulfates [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Their formation in situ on pyrite-containing wastes in tailing impoundments or other waste storage facilities is more abundant but can be observed during certain environmental conditions, usually employing low humidity. However, the "colloform"/spherulitic pyrite tends to accommodate more trace elements due to the conditions of its formation (supersaturated fluids and rapid crystal growth [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]) and also oxidizes more rapidly to produce efflorescent sulfates due to the larger reactivity area.The phenomenon of sulfate crystallization on samples containing "colloform"/spherulitic pyrite during their laboratory storage gives a unique opportunity of direct observation of this process, and information to what extent the trace elements incorporated in pyrite can be mobilized into the environment and behave as pollutants.In this study, we report data on the trace element composition of colloform pyrite from the Ag-Pb Chiprovtsi deposit (NW Bulgaria) and the mineralogy and trace element composition of the efflorescent sulfates formed during its oxidation in laboratory conditions. The results are interpreted with respect to the partitioning of inherited trace elements among newly formed sulfates and their environmental significance. Geological BackgroundThe Chiprovtsi silver-lead deposit represents the central and eastern part of an ore zone that extends from the outcropping in NW-W direction Sveti Nikola granite to the E of the Zhelezna village in the Western Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria) (Figure 1). The western part of the ore zone is...

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“…If left uncovered, under surficial conditions, these sulphides are susceptible to oxidation producing acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD) characterised by metal-laden acid-sulphate waters). AMD can occur throughout the life of the mine (LOM) with numerous case studies published or otherwise reported, e.g., [9][10][11][12] among others. study compliant with the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (JORC Code) to help the Tasmanian Government decide if tailings reprocessing is a plausible option for the future management of this AMD-impacted site.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Geometallurgical Approach to Tailings Management: An Example from the Savage River Fe-Ore Mine, Western Tasmania

Parbhakar-Fox¹,

Glen²,

Raimondo³

2018

Minerals

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At the Old Tailings Dam (OTD), Savage River, Western Tasmania, 38 Mt of pyritic tailings were deposited (1967 to 1982) and have since been generating acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD). Mineral chemistry analysis confirmed high concentrations of refractory cobalt in pyrite (up to 3 wt %). This study sought to determine, through a series of bench scale tests, if Co could be liberated using biohydrometallurgical techniques. Four bulk tailings samples were collected across the OTD, from up to 1.5 m depth, targeting three sulphide-bearing facies. The study was conducted in four stages: (1) bacterial adaption using BIOX® bacteria; (2) biooxidation optimization with pH, temperature and Fe medium parameters tested; (3) flotation test work to produce a sulphide concentrate followed by biooxidation; and (4) Fe and Co precipitation tests. The BIOX® culture adapted to the bulk composite (containing 7 wt % pyrite) in ~10 days, with biooxidation occurring most efficiently at pH 1.5–1.6 and 40 °C whilst the Fe medium concentration was identified as a less-controlling parameter. Flotation produced a 71% pyrite concentrate with total oxidation occurring after 14 days of biooxidation with 99% of Co leached. At pH 3, Co was effectively separated from Fe, however Ni and Cu were also present in the pregnant liquor solution and therefore required refining before production of cobalt hydroxide, the intermediate saleable product. This study shows that adopting a geometallurgical approach to tailings characterisation can identify if mine waste has commodity potential and how best to extract it therefore unlocking the potential for unconventional rehabilitation of AMD affected sites.

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Efflorescent sulfates from Baia Sprie mining area (Romania) — Acid mine drainage and climatological approach

Cited by 47 publications

References 39 publications

Crystal-Chemistry of Sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VII. Magnanelliite, K3Fe3+2(SO4)4 (OH)(H2O)2, a New Sulfate from the Monte Arsiccio Mine

Crystal-Chemistry of Sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VII. Magnanelliite, K3Fe3+2(SO4)4 (OH)(H2O)2, a New Sulfate from the Monte Arsiccio Mine

Efflorescent Sulfate Crystallization on Fractured and Polished Colloform Pyrite Surfaces: A Migration Pathway of Trace Elements

A Geometallurgical Approach to Tailings Management: An Example from the Savage River Fe-Ore Mine, Western Tasmania

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