Effluent causes of the 'pigmented salmon sydrome' in wild adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the River Don in Aberdeenshire

Abstract

The effluent cause of a noninfectious hyperbilirubinaemia. or jaundice, in wild Don salmon was determined by exposing adult captive North Esk fish to environmentally relevant single and combined exposures of Donside discharges with control river water in situ. Adult North Esk salmon were chosen as test animals because they were physiologically pertinent, of different genetic origin or stock to Don fish, from a 'clean' river and successfully used in previous in situ riverine experiments.Experiments were conducted using a control group with 3 test groups of salmon exposed to individual or sequentially-combined industrial stream and untreated paper mill effluent for a test period of 4 wk. Sequential exposure of industrial stream followed by paper mill effluent produced haematological 'clinical profiles', i.e. a hyperbilirubinaemia in test North Esk salmon that was indistinguishable from wild Don fish. A combination of 2 types of effluent therefore appeared to be responsible for the noninfectious hyperbilirubinaemia reported in adult wild Don salmon during the previous decade. Chemical characterisation of the isolated effluents and the river are discussed with respect to known haemolytic agents from the tox~cological l~terature.

Natural and Experimental Infections of Campylobacter cryaerophila in Rainbow Trout. Gross Pathology, Bacteriology, Clinical Pathology and Chemotherapy.

“…This may be as a result of the infection, because no significant difference in the CHOL levels was observed between naturally infected and experi mentally infected fish groups. Although effect of infec tions on serum CHOL values has not been reported by previous researchers, it is known that CHOL may decrease due to effects of toxic agents (Everall et al, 1991(Everall et al, , 1992Mughal et al, 1993). In the present study, the serum CHOL level of healthy group was within nor mal limits described by Shimma et al (1984).…”

“…In this study, the decrease in serum GOT activity in the experi mental infection might be attributed to the dysfunction of liver. Because activities of hepatic enzymes such as GOT, GPT and LDH in serum of fish are known to be very useful as an index for diagnosis of liver function (Everall et al, 1991(Everall et al, , 1992Nakano et al, 1995).…”

“…The blood parameters of fish are used as an indica tor of their physiological state and its study has become widespread in control of pathologies caused by infec tious diseases (Eiras and Saraiva, 1986;Studnicka and Siwicki, 1986;Grizzle and Kiryu, 1993;Nakano et al, 1995;Yokoyama et al, 1996;Rodger and Richards, 1998;Hrubec and Smith, 1999), nutritional factors (Eiras and Saraiva, 1986), toxic effects (Everall et al, 1991(Everall et al, , 1992Mughal et al, 1993;Ahmad et al, 1995;Shakoori et al, 1996), different stressors (Martinez et al, 1994), anoxic conditions and the other environmental factors in fish farming.…”

Piscine reovirus, but not Jaundice Syndrome, was transmissible to Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), and Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.

“…Among salmonid species, jaundice occurs in Atlantic Salmon, Chinook Salmon, coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and Rainbow Trout O. mykiss (Walbaum), with cause attributed to either erythromycin toxicity (Haukenes & Moffitt ), exposure to industrial effluents (Everall, Nitchell & Robson ) or potentially due to a viral infection (Sakai et al . ).…”

Exposure of atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) to a combination of resin acids and a water soluble fraction of diesel fuel oil: A model to investigate the chemical causes of Pigmented Salmon Syndrome

“…In controlled exposure studies, Pigmented Salmon Syndrome could not be reproduced by exposure to paper mill effluent alone, it required a combined exposure to paper mill effluent and to water from a tributary receiving runoff from an industrial estate and the local airport [4]. The induced cy‐tochrome P4501A activities measured in pigmented salmon [6] indicated that these fish had been exposed to planar contaminants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons [10].…”