Effort Years and Underperformance : The Intersection of Employment, Social Protection, and Gender in South Korea

Abstract

International Labour Office women workers / equal rights / labour force participation / unemployment / hours of work / labour market segmentation / wage differential / gender equality / sex discrimination / unpaid work / social protection / family responsibilities / trend / developed countries / developing countries 14.02.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication DataThe designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from ilo@turpin-distribution.com. For more information, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact ilopubs@ilo.org. II. Labour force participation rates 6A. Narrowing of labour force participation gaps in most regions 6 B. W idening participation gaps in Eastern and Southern Asia 7 III. Employment-to-population ratios 8A. Higher employment-to-population ratios for men 8 B. I ncreased share of women employees 8 C. Disproportionate share of women in contributing family work 10 D. Higher proportion of women in informal employment 11 IV. Unemployment rates 12A. Persistent gender gaps in unemployment rates 12B. Higher levels of unemployment among young women 14 V. W orking time for pay or profit and unpaid work 17A VII. Gender wage gap 28A. Substantial gender wage gap but signs of moderate reduction 28B. E conomic growth alone will not ensure a gender equitable distribution of the gains 28 VIII. Gender gaps in access to social protection 30A. Gender inequities in pensions 30B. C overage gaps in maternity protection 35 Conclusion 35Part Two. Gender gaps in the quality of work I. Sectoral and occupational segregation 39A. Causes of sex segregation at work 39 B. G ender gaps in entrepreneurship 40C. Gender gaps in women's representation in decision-making and leadership positions 41 D. Tackling the root causes of sectoral and occupational segregation 42 1. Encouraging young girls and boys to break gender stereotypes through education and outreach 42 2. Offering training to women and men to enter into non-stereotypical fields 43 3. Promoting women's entrepreneurship 44 4. Supporting women's participation and leadership in decision-making 45 II. G ender wage gaps 48A F. Addressing...