“…Through various studies, chatbots have been proven to be effective in improving EFL learners' language knowledge, including grammar and vocabulary (Alsadoon, 2021;Xuyen, 2023), as well as enhancing their English language application skills (Algaraady & Mahyoob, 2023;Hang, 2023;Han D. E., 2020;Han, et al, 2023;Kim, Cha, & Kim, 2022;, and increasing their motivation, selfconfidence, and interest in learning (Ali, Shamsan, Hezam, & Mohammed, 2023). However, some research argues that AI chatbots can have negative impacts on EFL learners' critical thinking and problem-solving skills (Thái, 2023) and these AI tools are not effective for beginner-level students.…”