EGaIn‐Assisted Room‐Temperature Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles for Stretchable, Inkjet‐Printed, Thin‐Film Electronics

Tavakoli, Mahmoud; Malakooti, Mohammad H.; Paisana, Hugo; Ohm, Yunsik; Marques, Daniel Green; Lopes, Pedro Alhais; Piedade, Ana P.; Almeida, Anı́bal T. de; Majidi, Carmel

doi:10.1002/adma.201801852

Cited by 255 publications

(264 citation statements)

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“…As to be reviewed, the conductive nanomaterials can be widely used in the broad field of printable flexible and stretchable electronics. A brief historical road map, which focuses on printing conductive nanomaterials, is shown in Figure …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications

Huang

Zhu

2019

Adv Materials Technologies

358

347

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PE has been explored for the manufacturing of flexible and stretchable electronic devices by printing functional inks containing soluble or dispersed materials, [14][15][16] which has enabled a wide variety of applications, such as transparent conductive films (TCFs), flexible energy harvesting and storage, thin film transistors (TFTs), electroluminescent devices, and wearable sensors. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] The global PE market should reach $26.6 billion by 2022 from $14.0 billion in 2017 at a compound annual growth rate of 13.6%. [25] PE devices are manufactured by a variety of printing technologies. Typical printing technologies can be divided into two broad categories: noncontact patterning (or nozzle-based patterning) and contact-based patterning. The noncontact techniques include inkjet printing, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, aerosol jet printing, and slot die coating, while screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing are examples of the contact techniques. Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages, but they all rely on the principle of transferring inks to a substrate. Understanding the characteristics and recent advances of each printing technique is important to further the progress in PE. Moreover, to promote the lab-scale printing technologies to large-scale production process, roll-toroll (R2R) printing, which is one of the manufacturing methods to obtain large-area films with low cost and excellent durability, has drawn much attention from both industry and the research community.Nearly all of devices based on PE require conductive structures, interconnects, and contacts; therefore, highly conductive patterns, usually with high transparency and/or high resolution, fabricated by means of printing conductive materials are one of the most critical components in PE devices. Various printable conductive nanomaterials, such as metal nanomaterials (e.g., metal nanoparticles and metal nanowires) and carbon nanomaterials (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)), have been explored and used as major materials for PE. Applying printing technology to deposition of the conductive nanomaterials requires formulation of suitable inks. After depositing inks on different substrates, post-printing treatment, Printed electronics is attracting a great deal of attention in both research and commercialization as it enables fabrication of large-scale, low-cost electronic devices on a variety of substrates. Printed electronics plays a critical role infacilitating widespread flexible electronics and more recently stretchable electronics. Conductive nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, are promising building blocks for printed electronics. Nanomaterial-based printing technologies, formulation of printable inks, post-printing treatment, and integration of functional devices have progressed substantially in the recent years. This review summarizes basic principles and recent development of common printing technologie...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications

Huang

Zhu

2019

Adv Materials Technologies

358

347

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“…To address these problems, research efforts have attempted to print conductive materials on a variety of flexible substrates such as paper and transient materials. The unique set of flexible materials enables new wearable device applications with recyclable systems that are highly conformable . However, these approaches still do not address the fundamental problems with mechanical compliance due to the lack of durability needed for wearable electronics, despite the fact these printed devices are flexible and stretchable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kirigami‐Inspired Textile Electronics: K.I.T.E.

Kim

Zhou

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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Electronic textiles (e‐textiles) are in prime position to revolutionize the field of wearable electronics owing to their ubiquitous use and universal acceptance. However, mechanical incompatibility between the rigid conductive components on the soft textile platforms creates fragile e‐textile systems with poor electromechanical attributes. In this work, a novel design strategy to inkjet print reactive silver inks onto woven textiles with Kirigami‐inspired patterning to create e‐textiles with enhanced electromechanical features is introduced. By controlling the print processing and curing conditions, uniform conductive coatings with sheet resistances of 0.09 Ω sq−1 are achieved such that they do not interfere with the textiles innate flexibility, breathability, comfort, and fabric hand. The electromechanical coupling of the printed textiles shows a direct dependence on the anisotropic nature of the woven structures. Introducing Kirigami patterning creates robust devices that enhance and stabilize the electrical conductivity (ΔR/R0 < −20%) over large strain regimes (>150%). Furthermore, an electrocardiogram monitoring system fabricated from Kirigami e‐textiles exhibits stable signal acquisition under extreme deformations from arm joint flexion. The distinct properties of Kirigami patterning on e‐textiles enable unprecedented electromechanical performance in wearable textile electronics.

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“…[1,2] One of the leading approaches to realize soft and stretchable electronic circuits involves embedding gallium-based liquid metal (LM) alloy traces at desired spatial locations within an elastomer body. A more recent approach, the selective metal-alloy wetting, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] shows promise toward satisfying many of the industrial manufacturing requirements, but further research is needed to better understand and control this approach. The electrical conductivity of gallium-based liquid metal alloys (3.4 × 10 6 S m −1 for EGaIn, [8] which is about 1/16th of copper) is orders of magnitude higher than ionic liquids and conductive elastomers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevailing techniques include injection of LMs into previously fabricated channels with [14,15] or without [16][17][18][19][20] vacuum assistance; direct laser patterning; [21][22][23] reductive patterning; [24,25] direct writing; [26][27][28][29][30] inkjet, [31,32] in-bath, [33] and freeze-printing; [34] and stencil printing. A more recent approach, the selective metal-alloy wetting, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] shows promise toward satisfying many of the industrial manufacturing requirements, but further research is needed to better understand and control this approach. A more recent approach, the selective metal-alloy wetting, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] shows promise toward satisfying many of the industrial manufacturing requirements, but further research is needed to better understand and control this approach.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Electronics Manufacturing Using Microcontact Printing

Yalcintas

Özütemiz

Cetinkaya

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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This work describes a microcontact printing (µCP) process for reproducible manufacturing of liquid gallium alloy-based soft and stretchable electronics. One of the leading approaches to create soft and stretchable electronics involves embedding liquid metals (LM) into an elastomer matrix. Although the advantages of liquid metal-based electronics have been well established, their mainstream adoption and commercialization necessitates development of precise and scalable manufacturing methods. To address this need, a scalable µCP process is presented that uses surface-functionalized, reusable rigid, or deformable stamps to transfer eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) patterns onto elastomer substrates. A novel approach is developed to create the surfacefunctionalized stamps, enabling selective transfer of LM to desired locations on a substrate without residues or electrical shorts. To address the critical needs of precise and reproducible positioning, alignment, and stamping force application, a high-precision automated µCP system is designed. After describing the approach, the precision of stamps is evaluated and EGaIn features (as small as 15 µm line width), as well as electrical functionality of printed circuits with and without deformation, are fabricated. The presented process addresses many of the limitations associated with the alternative fabrication processes, and thus provides an effective approach for scalable fabrication of LM-based soft and stretchable microelectronics.tissue damage, and impairment of natural motion, thereby providing increased robustness, safety, mechanical conformability, and compliance matching with biological tissues. As such, soft and stretchable electronics could have a transformative impact in wearable technologies for personal computing and healthcare, [1] implantable electronics, [2] and soft robotics. [3,4] In recent years, many different types of soft and stretchable electronics have been developed, as outlined in two recent review papers. [1,2] One of the leading approaches to realize soft and stretchable electronic circuits involves embedding gallium-based liquid metal (LM) alloy traces at desired spatial locations within an elastomer body. [5,6] Specifically, the binary alloy of eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn: 75 wt% Ga and 25 wt% of In) and the ternary alloy of gallium-indium-tin (Galinstan) are both liquid at room temperature: they flow freely with negligible resistance (viscosity of EGaIn is about 1.9 mPa s [7] ) and accommodate changes in channel shapes, thereby maintaining electrical circuit functionality without failure even at large strains (>100%). The electrical conductivity of gallium-based liquid metal alloys (3.4 × 10 6 S m −1 for EGaIn, [8] which is about 1/16th of copper) is orders of magnitude higher than ionic liquids and conductive elastomers. These alloys are of low toxicity [9] and have very low vapor pressure, [8] making them ideal for wearable computing and health care applications.Uniquely, when exposed to even low levels of oxygen, a few nanometer thick,...

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EGaIn‐Assisted Room‐Temperature Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles for Stretchable, Inkjet‐Printed, Thin‐Film Electronics

Cited by 255 publications

References 32 publications

Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications

Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications

Kirigami‐Inspired Textile Electronics: K.I.T.E.

Soft Electronics Manufacturing Using Microcontact Printing

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