Egg-laying by female Aedes aegypti shapes the bacterial communities of breeding sites

Abstract

Aedes aegypti, the main vector of multiple arboviruses, is highly associated with human dwellings. Females exhibit an opportunistic oviposition behavior, seldomly laying eggs on natural containers, but rather distributing them among human-generated breeding sites. Bacterial communities associated with such sites, as well as the compositional shifts they undergo through the development of larval stages, have been described. Some bacteria can play a direct role in supporting the success of mosquito development. Additionally, exposure to different bacteria during larval phases can have an impact on life-history traits. Whether the larvae acquire symbionts from aquatic niches, or just require bacteria as food, is still debated. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that female Ae. aegypti shape the bacterial communities of breeding sites during oviposition as a form of niche construction to favor offspring fitness. Our study presents a series of experiments to address whether gravid females modify bacterial consortia present in larval habitats. For this, we first verified if females can mechanically transfer bacteria into culture media. As evidence of mechanical transmission was obtained, we then elaborated an experimental scheme to dissect effects from factors related to the act of oviposition and mosquito-egg-water interactions. The DNA samples obtained from breeding site water aliquots pertaining to five treatments were subjected to amplicon-oriented sequencing to infer their bacterial community structure. Microbial ecology analyses revealed significant differences between treatments in terms of diversity. Particularly, between-treatment shifts in abundance profiles were detected (pairwise PERMANOVA), also showing that females induce a significant decrease in alpha diversity (1-Simpson s index) through oviposition. In addition, indicator species analysis pinpointed bacterial taxa with significant predicting values and fidelity coefficients for the samples in which single females laid eggs. Furthermore, we provide evidence regarding how one of these indicator taxa, Elizabethkingia, exerts a positive effect upon the development and fitness of mosquito larvae, thus suggesting that the developmental niche construction hypothesis may hold true in this model.

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes use communal cues to manage population density at breeding sites

“…Aggregation occurs regardless of the presence of eggs, water contact, or ability to skip-oviposit. It has been demonstrated that the presence of eggs influences the oviposition decision of female mosquitoes 18,22 , and the deposition of eggs can shape bacterial communities in the water 23 . We asked whether blocking the ability of the females to contact water or lay eggs in the oviposition site could lead to changes in the aggregation pattern.…”

Innate immunity in Aedes mosquitoes: from pathogen resistance to shaping the microbiota

“…In laboratory conditions, oviposition by Ae. aegypti reduced microbial diversity in the larval water by mechanically introducing bacteria such as Elizabethkingia , which accelerated larval development and increased larval fitness [23]. Some parts of the larval microbiota persist trans-stadially to adulthood but most are lost during metamorphosis and are reacquired by adults imbibing water from the larval environment [5,22,24].…”

Upsurge of dengue outbreaks in several WHO regions: Public awareness, vector control activities, and international collaborations are key to prevent spread

“…Nevertheless, overutilization of insecticides can result in the development of mosquito resistance and give rise to environmental apprehensions 81 . Larval source reduction entails the eradication of breeding grounds for mosquitoes by promoting the identification and elimination of stagnant water containers within communities, which serve as deposition sites for Aedes mosquitoes' eggs 82 . This grassroots initiative enables individuals to assume accountability for their immediate surroundings.…”