Eggshells: A novel bio-filler for intumescent flame-retardant coatings

Yew, Ming Chian; Sulong, N.H. Ramli; Yew, Ming Kun; Afifi, Amalina M.; Johan, Mohd Rafie

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.01.003

Cited by 87 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It has been indicated that the incorporation of chicken eggshell as bio‐filler in intumescent fire‐retardant coatings imparted excellent synergistic performances in the fire protection, thermal stability, and anti‐oxidation properties of the intumescent coatings concomitant with the formation of a uniform and compact intumescent char layer . Furthermore, the presence of CES can enhance the water repellency and adhesive strength of intumescent coatings . Generally speaking, the flame retardant effect of CES in intumescent systems can be explained by the fact that CES (mainly calcium carbonate) could react with acid source (mainly phosphate derivatives) to form calcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate and non‐combustible gases that dilute the combustible gases and also reinforce the homogeneity and compactness of foamed char layer .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Chu

Yan

et al. 2018

Polymer Composites

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An eco‐friendly bio‐filler was prepared by reusing of chicken eggshell (CES), and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM)‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and thermo‐gravimetric (TG) analysis. The influence of CES on the thermal stability, flame‐retardant, and smoke suppression properties of epoxy‐based traditional intumescent system was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, cone calorimeter test, and TG analysis. The results shows that the incorporation of CES improves the LOI value of the samples, and IFR‐3 with 37 wt% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and 3 wt% CES exhibits the maximum LOI value of 31.5%. The results from cone calorimeter and smoke density tests reveal that the addition of CES greatly decreases the heat release and smoke production of the samples concomitant with an increase in the residual weight, which is ascribed to the formation of a more compact, thermally stable, and intumescent char against heat and mass transfer during burning. The synergistic effect on fire performance between CES and IFR depends on the content of CES, and an excessive content of CES diminishes this synergistic effect. The TG analysis shows that the intumescent system containing CES exhibits high thermal stability and char‐forming ability. Overall, CES can serve as an environmentally friendly bio‐filler and a promising synergist for intumescent systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2712–2723, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Chu

Yan

et al. 2018

Polymer Composites

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“…Generally, traditional P-N ame retardants for PP mainly contain three components, which are an acid source, blowing agent and charring agent, 8,9 and when P-N ame retardants are heated beyond a critical temperature they can generate multicellular swollen chars on the surface of the polymer accompanied by decomposition of the blowing agent, slowing down the heat and oxygen transfer, thus protecting the substrate from burning. 10,11 Therefore, these ame-retardant systems for PP usually act through a gaseous phase and condensed-phase ame-retardant mechanism together. Compared with the production of gas, the condensedphase formation of P-O-C structures during combustion is one of the methods to improve the ame-retardant efficiency, and the typical ame retardant system is a mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and charring agent (CA).…”

Section: -7mentioning

confidence: 99%

A highly efficient gas-dominated and water-resistant flame retardant for non-charring polypropylene

et al. 2017

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Traditional phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) flame-retardant systems for polypropylene (PP) always act through joint action of the gaseous phase and condensed phase, and are accompanied with a decrease of the thermal stability and water resistance. In this work, a novel mono-component and gas-dominated flame retardant, named DPPIP, was prepared through an amidation reaction of diphenylphosphinyl chloride and piperazine, and used to flame retard PP. Experimental results confirmed that both the thermal stability and water resistance of PP/DPPIP were improved. The initial thermal decomposition temperature of PP/25 wt% DPPIP at 5 wt% weight loss was 287.5 C under air atmosphere, which is higher than that of neat PP (266.1 C). Besides, a water-resistance test verified that PP/25 wt% DPPIP had a weight loss of only about 0.52 wt%. More importantly, the flame retardant ability of PP/25 wt% DPPIP had been greatly improved, passing the V-0 rating (UL-94). Furthermore, after the water-resistance test, the LOI value of PP/25 wt% DPPIP exhibited nearly no difference and still passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. A cone calorimeter (CC) result indicated that DPPIP had a positive effect on inhibiting heat release of PP during combustion. All of these combustion tests displayed that there was no char left. The flame retardant mechanism of DPPIP was investigated with py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. The results illustrated that the gaseous phase resulting from the thermal decomposition of DPPIP played the leading role in the self-extinguishing behavior of PP/DPPIP, which consisted of a large amount of inflammable gaseous products such as piperazine and its derivatives, and phosphorus-containing structures.

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“…There are some main ways of decreasing the flammability of plywood panels: (a) soaking, diffusion, or impregnation of the individual veneers before gluing (Shim 1982;Grexa et al 1999;Miljković et al 2005;Laufenberg et al 2006;Borysiuk et al 2011;Bueno et al 2014); (b) incorporation of the fire retardant into the glue used for bonding (Su et al 1998;Grexa et al 1999;Cheng and Wang 2011); (c) impregnating the consolidated plywood with chemicals by vacuum pressure process or other methods (Kim et al 1984;Kim 1987;LeVan et al 1996); and (d) surface treatment by flame-retardant coating (Chou et al 2009;Chou et al 2010;Chuang et al 2010;Chang et al 2011;Yew et al 2015). Some works describe the incorporation of nanomaterials into the polymeric systems to improve their fire behavior, along with analyzing the effects of several treatments based on the use of nanomaterials on the properties of natural wood veneers, primarily on their fire behavior (Bueno et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Diffusive Impregnation of Birch Veneers with Fire Retardant on Plywood Properties

Bryn¹,

Bekhta²,

Sedliacik³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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Wood is a natural, organic material that cannot be exposed to high temperatures, fire, or heat, especially when wood or wood-based materials are used as construction elements. The fire-extinguishing composition of di-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium bromide (DAB) was used to increase the fire-resistance of birch plywood. The effects of various parameters of diffusive impregnation of the veneer (temperature and concentration of impregnating solution, duration of impregnation) were investigated. Their dependence was linear for the temperature of impregnating solution, and logarithmic for concentration of impregnating solution and duration of impregnation. Increased retention of fire retardant improved plywood fire resistance. However, considering the quality of impregnation, energy costs, and plywood properties, the following parameters of wet veneer impregnation are recommended: a temperature of impregnating solution of 22 °C, concentration of 30%, and duration of impregnation of 8 min.

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Eggshells: A novel bio-filler for intumescent flame-retardant coatings

Cited by 87 publications

References 41 publications

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

A highly efficient gas-dominated and water-resistant flame retardant for non-charring polypropylene

The Effect of Diffusive Impregnation of Birch Veneers with Fire Retardant on Plywood Properties

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