Ego Development, Ego Strengths, and Ethnic Identity Among First Nation Adolescents

Gfellner, Barbara M.; Armstrong, Helen D.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00769.x

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The majority of converssations about how AI/AN identity affects AOD use and other risk behaviors concerned how protective AI/AN identity could be and the healing properties of AI/AN practices and worldviews. This is also supported by existing studies that show protective effects of AI/AN identity on behavioral health outcomes (Gfellner & Armstrong, 2012; Tyser, Scott, Readdy, & McCrea, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Cultural Identity Among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Youth: Implications for Alcohol and Drug Use

Brown

Dickerson²,

D’Amico

2016

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American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth exhibit high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, which is often linked to the social and cultural upheaval experienced by AI/ANs during the colonization of North America. Urban AI/AN youth may face unique challenges, including increased acculturative stress due to lower concentrations of AI/AN populations in urban areas. Few existing studies have explored cultural identity among urban AI/AN youth and its association with AOD use. Objectives This study used systematic qualitative methods with AI/AN communities in two urban areas within California to shed light on how urban AI/AN youth construct cultural identity and how this relates to AOD use and risk behaviors. Methods We conducted 10 focus groups with a total of 70 youth, parents, providers, and Community Advisory Board members and used team-based structured thematic analysis in the Dedoose software platform. Results We identified 12 themes: intergenerational stressors, cultural disconnection, AI/AN identity as protective, pan-tribal identity, mixed racial-ethnic identity, rural vs. urban environments, the importance of AI/AN institutions, stereotypes and harassment, cultural pride, developmental trajectories, risks of being AI/AN, and mainstream culture clash. Overall, youth voiced curiosity about their AI/AN roots and expressed interest in deepening their involvement in cultural activities. Adults described the myriad ways in which involvement in cultural activities provides therapeutic benefits for AI/AN youth. Conclusions Interventions that provide urban AI/AN youth with an opportunity to engage in cultural activities and connect with positive and healthy constructs in AI/AN culture may provide added impact to existing interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Cultural Identity Among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Youth: Implications for Alcohol and Drug Use

Brown

Dickerson²,

D’Amico

2016

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“…According to Erikson's theory, people experience the extremes of ego strength and weakness while resolving the crises of each developmental stage over a lifetime. [14][15][16] This theory has been supported by Johnson, Beebe, Mortimer, and Snyder, 17 who demonstrated that adolescents with well-developed ego strength at a previous stage had more positive self-esteem, lower self-derogation and depressive affect, more positive wellbeing, and more positive intrinsic and extrinsic work values than those with less-developed ego strength. Moreover, such individuals were better adapted for school than those with less-developed ego strength.…”

Section: Ego Strength In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Before analyzing the factor structure of the preliminary scale, I determined the degree of correlation between items by analyzing the overall correlation of each sub-factor and analyzed the internal consistency of the items. Analysis revealed that the correlation of 9 out of 55 items (11,12,13,15,22,23,24,26,55) was not statistically signi cant; thus, the nine items were removed. Afterwards, multiple factor analysis and item analysis were conducted to remove items with low factor loadings and reliability problems and that posed duplication problems in terms of content validity.…”

Section: Stage 3: Factor Analysis Of the Cessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the child’s ego strength scale: An observation-based assessment of the board game behaviors in play therapy in Korea

Lee

Yoo

2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to develop a scale for assessing children’s ego strength through the observation of children playing board games in a therapeutic setting. To assess the ego strength of children in this developmental stage, it is necessary to observe their attitudes during game play therapy, which is the most comfortable psychotherapy technique for children at this developmental stageMethodData were collected from 127 play therapists and play therapist-supervisors, who observed 55 children aged 7–9 who received play therapy in Korea. The scale was created through factor analysis and verification of criterion-related validity.ResultsWe generated a Child’s Ego Strength Scale (CESS) consisting of five sub-factors (Coping Strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Ego Restriction, Interpersonal Functioning, Frustration Tolerance) through exploratory factor analysis. The scale met the goodness of fit criteria in a confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of therapy sessions of children with strong and weak ego strength, as identified by play therapists, showed a significant difference between the two groups in all five sub-variables. There was a significant correlation between the CESS scores and scores of ego strength-related variables of the Rorschach scale, indicating good criterion-related validity.ConclusionThe CESS appears to be a practical method for the assessment of ego strength in the field of child counseling.

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“…Erikson [13] claimed that there are eight distinct and intrinsic ego strengths throughout one's lifetime: hope, will, purpose, competence, delity, love, care, and wisdom. According to Erikson's theory, people experience the extremes of ego strength and weakness while resolving the crises of each developmental stage over a lifetime [14,15,16]. This theory has been supported by Johnson, Beebe, Mortimer, and Snyder [17] who demonstrated that adolescents with well-developed ego strength at a previous stage had more positive self-esteem, lower self-derogation and depressive affect, more positive wellbeing, and more positive intrinsic and extrinsic work values than those with less-developed ego strength.…”

Section: Ego Strength In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the child’s ego strength scale: An observation-based assessment of the board game behaviors in play therapy in Korea

Lee

Yoo

2021

Preprint

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Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for assessing children’s ego strength through the observation of children playing board games in a therapeutic setting. Because ego strength is an index of psychosocial health, it is important to assess ego strength in childhood. In particular, children aged 7 to 9 exhibit their ego-strength characteristics in a situation challenged by self-competence due to their latency period. Therapists can identify such ego strength through game behaviors of children aged 7 to 9 in the play therapy setting. Thus, it is needed to develop a scale by selecting game play behaviors that grasp ego-strength.Method: Data were collected from 127 play therapists and play therapist-supervisors, who observed 468 play therapy sessions and 55 children aged 7-9 who received play therapy in Korea. The scale was created through content validity verification, factor analysis and verification of criterion-related validity. Results: We generated a Child’s Ego Strength Scale (CESS) consisting of five sub-factors (Coping Strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Ego Restriction, Interpersonal Functioning, Frustration Tolerance) through exploratory factor analysis. The scale met the goodness of fit criteria in a confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of therapy sessions of children with strong and weak ego strength, as identified by play therapists, showed a significant difference between the two groups in all five sub-variables. There was a significant correlation between the CESS scores and scores of ego strength-related variables of the Rorschach scale, indicating good criterion-related validity. Conclusion: The CESS appears to be a practical method for the assessment of ego strength in the field of child counseling.

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Ego Development, Ego Strengths, and Ethnic Identity Among First Nation Adolescents

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Cultural Identity Among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Youth: Implications for Alcohol and Drug Use

Cultural Identity Among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Youth: Implications for Alcohol and Drug Use

Development of the child’s ego strength scale: An observation-based assessment of the board game behaviors in play therapy in Korea

Development of the child’s ego strength scale: An observation-based assessment of the board game behaviors in play therapy in Korea

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