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Diabetes mellitus (DM) hyperglycemia may lead to hyperplasia and micro vascular dysfunction and delays wound healing process by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by low levels of inflammatory cytokines and an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Consequently, prolonged healing process with the worst complication diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) as when it fails to heal fating limb amputation. Apitherapeutic (honey and propolis) wound dressing achieved successful accelerated healing with infection control by the action of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present review dealt with their activity with DFUs as study of: in vitro antimicrobial activity against DFUs isolated pathogens, in vitro their activity towards immune cellular wound healing elements and in vivo their application for induced DFUs animal models as well as their topical application for DFUs patients either natural or nanoformulated scaffold dressings. Available literatures proved the synergistic wound healing activity of different mixed apitherapeutic products together and recommended to be used in mixed formula either naturally or nanoformulation.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) hyperglycemia may lead to hyperplasia and micro vascular dysfunction and delays wound healing process by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by low levels of inflammatory cytokines and an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Consequently, prolonged healing process with the worst complication diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) as when it fails to heal fating limb amputation. Apitherapeutic (honey and propolis) wound dressing achieved successful accelerated healing with infection control by the action of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present review dealt with their activity with DFUs as study of: in vitro antimicrobial activity against DFUs isolated pathogens, in vitro their activity towards immune cellular wound healing elements and in vivo their application for induced DFUs animal models as well as their topical application for DFUs patients either natural or nanoformulated scaffold dressings. Available literatures proved the synergistic wound healing activity of different mixed apitherapeutic products together and recommended to be used in mixed formula either naturally or nanoformulation.
Propolis has gained wide popularity over the last decades in several parts of the world. In parallel, the literature about propolis composition and biological properties increased markedly. A great number of papers have demonstrated that propolis from different parts of the world is composed mainly of phenolic substances, frequently flavonoids, derived from plant resins. Propolis has a relevant role in increasing the social immunity of bee hives. Experimental evidence indicates that propolis and its components have activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Mechanisms of action on bacteria, fungi, and viruses are known for several propolis components. Experiments have shown that propolis may act synergistically with antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirus drugs, permitting the administration of lower doses of drugs and higher antimicrobial effects. The current trend of growing resistance of microbial pathogens to the available drugs has encouraged the introduction of propolis in therapy against infectious diseases. Because propolis composition is widely variable, standardized propolis extracts have been produced. Successful clinical trials have included propolis extracts as medicine in dentistry and as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients against COVID-19. Present world health conditions encourage initiatives toward the spread of the niche of propolis, not only as traditional and alternative medicine but also as a relevant protagonist in anti-infectious therapy. Production of propolis and other apiary products is environmentally friendly and may contribute to alleviating the current crisis of the decline of bee populations. Propolis production has had social-economic relevance in Brazil, providing benefits to underprivileged people.
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