Eicosanoids Derived From Arachidonic Acid and Their Family Prostaglandins and Cyclooxygenase in Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (AA)-derived lipid mediators are called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids have emerged as key regulators of a wide variety of physiological responses and pathological processes, and control important cellular processes. AA can be converted into biologically active compounds by metabolism by cyclooxygenases (COX). Beneficial effect of COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib add-on therapy has been reported in early stage of schizophrenia. Moreover, add-on treatment of celecoxib attenuated refractory depression and bipolar depression. Further, the COX/prostaglandin E pathway play an important role in synaptic plasticity and may be included in pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this regard, plasma transferrin, which is an iron mediator related to eicosanoid signaling, may be related to social impairment of ASD. COX-2 is typically induced by inflammatory stimuli in the majority of tissues, and the only isoform responsible for propagating the inflammatory response. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors considered as the best target for Alzheimer’s disease.

Selenium supplementation through Se-rich dietary matrices can upregulate the anti-inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages

“…control i.e., from 2.4 fold at 50 nM to 9.0 fold at 500 nM. Increased expression of selenoproteins, including GPx1 is known to mitigate inflammation and bolster immunity that involves down-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1, while upregulating H-PGDS to effect a process called “eicosanoid class switching mechanism” in Se stimulated RAW264.7 cells (Yui, Imataka, Nakamura, Ohara, & Naito, 2015; Duntas, 2009; Vunta et al, 2007). Higher Se supplementation up to 2 µM in the form of sodium selenite is also reported to inhibit NFκB-dependent transcription (Nettore et al, 2017; Meplan et al, 2016; Youn et al, 2008; Maehira, Mivagi, & Eguchi, 2003).…”

Mouse skeletal muscles infected with Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium chabaudi reveal a crosstalk between lipid mediators and gene expression

“…Typically, ω-6 PUFAs are associated with in ammatory responses, constriction of blood vessels, and platelet aggregation [43]. In contrast, ω-3 PUFAs show anti-in ammatory and pro-resolving activities to resolve in ammation effectively, and alter the function of vascular and carcinogen biomarkers, thus reducing the risk of cancer [44,46,47]. Considering that malaria is known as an in ammatory disease, with recognized symptoms, such as fever and headache, signs, such as splenomegaly, and damage in other organs such as liver and kidney [8], the ndings in this study corroborated with those assessments, since all LMs found on signi cantly higher concentrations compared to the controls are from ω-6 pathway (AA and LA pathways, Table 2), while the lipids found at remarkably lower concentrations comparing to the controls are related to ω-3 pathway (EPA and DHA pathways, Table 2).…”

Dysmenorrhea: pathogenetic validation of pharmacotherapy

“…ПГ не являются медиаторами боли. Однако они повышают чувствительность ноцицептивных рецепторов (сенсиби-лизируют их) к медиаторам боли, которыми являются гистамин и брадикинин [7].…”