Eijkman Relationships of the Coliform and Related Bacteria

Stuart, Charles Alexander; Zimmerman, Alice; Baker, Muriel; Rustigian, Robert

doi:10.1128/jb.43.5.557-572.1942

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The results shown in table 2 clearly confirm the work of Stuart, Zimmerman, et al (1942) and in addition show that P. rettgeri is Eijkman-negative. They also show that agar slant inoculums of P. morganii uniformly grew at 45 C, but failed to attack glucose at the same temperature.…”

Section: Standard Urease Testsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…P. mirabilis is less affected by the different temperatures than the other species. No difference was noted in the speed of urease production at 37.5 C in the water bath and air incubator; the greatest speed was shown at 40 C with only slight decreases at 42.5 C and 45 C. Such reactions at 45 C were anticipated because Stuart, Zimmerman, et al (1942) found P. mirabilis characteristically Eijkman-positive, whereas P. vulgaris and P. morganii were negative. The difference in the speed of urease production 440 C. A. STUART, ELIZABETH VAN STRATUM, AND ROBERT RUSTIGIAN by P. morganii at the different temperatures is very marked.…”

Section: Standard Urease Testmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Eijkman Reaction In view of the unexpected reactions of P. morganii in urea medium at 45 C, it was decided to reinvestigate the Eijkman reactions of Proteus, including P. rettgeri, which was not tested in the previous work (Stuart, Zimmerman, et al, 1942). Buffered glucose broth with brom thymol blue as indicator was used.…”

Section: Standard Urease Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Further Studies on Urease Production byProteusand Related Organisms

1945

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In 1941 Rustigian and Stuart reported a new medium for the detection of urease production by organisms of the genus Proteus. These investigators tested 151 Proteus cultures in the medium and all were positive. One urea-positive X strain, however, did produce a urea-negative variant, which after prolonged cultivation in urea medium regained its ability to produce urease. Using this medium Ferguson and Hook (1943) found that 29 cultures with the biochemical reactions of Proteus produced urease, whereas 75 Salmonella cultures did not. This urea medium, which contains the hydrogen ion indicator, phenol red, demonstrates production of urease by a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration. Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis gave a positive reaction, pH 8.1 or more, in about 8 hours, whereas Proteus morganii required about 36 hours. Rustigian and Stuart (1943) found that, except for one strain, Proteus rettgeri attacked urea rapidly in about 12 hours.To date in this laboratory over 600 Proteus cultures have been tested in the urea medium. In addition to the two exceptions noted above, one old stock culture, positive when first received, became urea-negative four years later, and two strains of P. rettgeri, which on first test produced only weak reactions, pH 7.2 to 7.4, in 48 hours after serial transfers in the medium were positive in 12 hours. An occasional freshly isolated strain of P. rettgeri may require as much as 18 to 24 hours to give a positive reaction. Rustigian and Stuart (1943) tested in their medium 689 cultures representing all genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae exclusive of Proteus. A number of coliform cultures, particularly Aerobacter strains, attacked urea slowly and weakly, pH 7.0 to 7.2 in five days. To date an additional 418 cultures representing all genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae except Erwinia and exclusive of Proteus have been tested. A number of coliform cultures attacked urea slowly and weakly, whereas several cultures (to be described later in this report) gave a strong reaction in 4 to 7 days. Thus, in tests on over 1,000 cuItures in the family Enterobacteriaceae other than Proteus no culture was positive in the time prescribed for Proteus, 8 to 48 hours.

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Section: Standard Urease Testsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Standard Urease Testmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Further Studies on Urease Production byProteusand Related Organisms

1945

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“…In the United States there has been a similar experience with incubation at elevated temperatures for the fecal indicator organism (Williams, Weaver, and Scherago, 1933;Levin, Epstein, and Vaughn, 1934;Ostrolenk and Hunter, 1940;Stuart et al, 1942;Hajna and Perry, 1943;Geldreich et al, 1958). However, the experience has been varied both as to the temperature and the medium employed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Comparison of the Recovery of Escherichia coli from Frozen Foods and Nutmeats by Confirmatory Incubation in EC Medium at 44.5 and 45.5 C

Fishbein¹,

Surkiewicz²

1964

Applied Microbiology

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FISHBEIN, MORRIS (Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.), AND BERNARD F. SURKIEWICZ. Comparison of the recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen foods and nutmeats by confirmatory incubation in EC medium at 44.5 and 45.5 C. Appl. Microbiol. 12:127-131. 1964.-The productivity of confirmatory EC broth for the isolation of fecal Escherichia coli was determined at 44.5 and 45.5 C. A variety of frozen precooked foods and an assortment of nutmeats were examined after primary incubation in Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose (LST) broth. In 85.3% of the cases, the parallel tubes of EC broth incubated for 24 hr at 44.5 and 45.5 C gave rise to identical E. coli responses of positive, false positive, and negative. The remaining 14.7% of the reactions represent the qualitative difference between the two temperatures. The EC test at 45.5 C was more specific for E. coli, since twoto threefold fewer false positives were produced at this temperature than at 44.5 C. However, fecal E. coli recoveries were slightly higher (4%Vc) at the lower temperature. Incubating the EC tubes from the interval of 24 to 48 hr gave rise to an additional 4.3% of E. coli recovery, but this was accompanied by an excessive production of false positives (75.9%), representing a 3.5-fold decrease in specificity. It is recommended that, in the confirmatory use of EC broth in the examination of frozen foods and nutmeats for the recovery of fecal E. coli, the test be made at 45.5 C in a water bath and limited to 24 hr of incubation only, to insure optimal specificity. During the study, a "fixed" productivity ratio was noted; E. coli+/LST+ equaled approximately one-fourth or 25%. The significance of this ratio is discussed.

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“…Various studies, some of them including comparison with other media, have been made (Wilson et al 1935;; Wilson, 1935;Hajna, 1937;Payne, 1938;Hajna and Perry, 1938;Raghavarchari and Iyer, 1938;Perry, 1939;Boizot, 1941;Stuart et al, 1942;Hajna and Perry, 1943). However, there has been no adequate answer to the fundamental question: Is it certain that the Eijkman method, as now modified (Am.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%