Einfluß zentralnervöser koordination im Sinne v. HOLSTs auf die Steuerung von Atem- und Extremitätenmotorik des Menschen

Abstract

We found modulations in the time-course of breathing during rhythmic abduction-adduction movements in shoulder and hip joints which can be interpreted as phenomena of central coordination in the sense of v. Holst. They occurred in more than 75% of the recorded breaths. The strength of this coordination depends on number and kind of limbs moving rhythmically and on the use of an acoustic trigger signal ("Zeitgeber") for the limb rhythm as well. Our findings indicate that reactions of the respiratory apparatus cannot be regarded only in connection with its homeostatic function and with mechanical influences. Breathing control appears integrated in the whole organism's "motor control system". Therefore, an influence of breathing movements on other motor processes is possible as well. Coordination leads to a stable temporal order between breathing and additional movements. Its possible advantage could be an energetic economization as may be concluded from analogous phenomena in coupled non-linear oscillators.

Co-ordination of breathing with rhythmic head and eye movements and with passive turnings of the body

“…Only a few of our subjects exhibited stable entrainment. This result was in agreement with other observations in this field (Hill et al 1988;Rassler et al 1990;van Alphen and Duffin 1994;Ebert et al 2000;Rassler and Kohl 2000). Total frequency of co-ordination (%C tot ) of 20% on average was slightly below the frequencies reported in the study of Ebert et al (2000) who investigated visually guided forearm tracking movements.…”

“…In conditions ACT-O and PASS-O, they had to keep their eyes straight ahead. See Table 2 In earlier studies, we additionally observed numerous sequences of weak co-ordination reflecting the transition between independent and coordinated activity (Rassler et al 1990;Ebert et al 2000;Rassler and Kohl 2000). To disclose a wide range of coordination degrees we applied a modification of a criterion previously described by Ebert et al (2000).…”

“…Effects of respiration on temporal pattern and precision of voluntary movements could be demonstrated; however, they were much weaker than the entrainment of breathing to the additional movement Rassler 2000;Rassler and Kohl 2000). The degree of entrainment of the respiratory rhythm is influenced by various factors such as movement rate (Bechbache and Duffin 1977;Jasinskas et al 1980;Rassler et al 1990;Bonsignore et al 1998;Ebert et al 2000), work rate (Jasinskas et al 1980;Bernasconi and Kohl 1993;Rassler and Kohl mechanical interactions such as in rowing (Maclennan et al 1994;Siegmund et al 1999). On the other hand, mutual interactions between finger tracking movements and breathing Rassler 2000) indicate that co-ordination also occurs in movements of small muscle groups at low work rates without mechanical affection.…”

“…Numerous studies have shown that usually the respiratory rhythm is entrained by voluntary movements (Bechbache and Duffin 1977;Bramble and Carrier 1983;Jasinskas et al 1980;Kohl et al 1981;Hill et al 1988;Rassler et al 1990;Ebert et al 2000). Effects of respiration on temporal pattern and precision of voluntary movements could be demonstrated; however, they were much weaker than the entrainment of breathing to the additional movement Rassler 2000;Rassler and Kohl 2000).…”

Nonstationary time-series analysis applied to investigation of brainstem system dynamics

“…the amygdala complex [21,22,23]. Certain links between cardiovascular and respiratory rhythms have been shown [9,10,12,15,16,23,28,29,31,36,37,43,44]. Appearance and disappearance of such rhythms as well as the change in phase relations of 'relative coordination' are expression of continuously altering coordination of subsystems of the organism.…”