Eitan Alimi, Charles Demetriou and Lorenzo Bosi 2015: The Dynamics of Radicalization: A Relational and Comparative Perspective. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press

The Ideological Resonance of Radicalization and Extremism: A Case Study of Pakistan

“…Under the leadership of Azzam, the early version of al-Qaeda was not conspiring to become a transnational organizational movement In the beginning, al-Qaeda was a member organization of a broader movement of ultraorthodox Islamic movements called the Salafi Transnational Jihad Movement (STJM), which originated in the 1970s. STJM's ideology was based on the re-emergence of Pan-Islamism and the community of believers (the Ummah) in which Muslims, despite their ethnicity, culture, and national differences, constitute a brotherhood and have a binding responsibility to help each other (Nadeau, 2016). The ideology of Pan-Islamism was promoted during the 1970s and notably backed by Saudi Arabia through charitable transnational institutions and organizations (Lorenzo, DEMETRIOU, Eitan, & ALIMI, 2015).…”