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Green Synthesis: An Eco-friendly Route for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Isolation step includes growing the sample on the media like BH1 agar (Sundaram et al, 2012), Blood agar (Jubran et al, 2020) or nutrient agar (Fatemi et al, 2018) followed by their incubation under controlled conditions at 35-37°C for 24-48 h and in case of blood agar medium incubation is carried out under controlled conditions of carbon dioxide. After the achievement of sufficient growth single colony is transferred to the nutrient medium, such as Luria broth, Nutrient broth or MRS broth (Sundaram et al, 2012;Fani et al, 2018;Fatemi et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018;Jubran et al, 2020) followed by incubation and centrifugation to pellet out the bacterial biomass. After centrifugation most critical step of IONPs synthesis initiates by taking either supernatant (Sundaram et al, 2012;Fatemi et al, 2018;Jubran et al, 2020) or cell pellet (Fani et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018).…”

“…After the achievement of sufficient growth single colony is transferred to the nutrient medium, such as Luria broth, Nutrient broth or MRS broth (Sundaram et al, 2012;Fani et al, 2018;Fatemi et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018;Jubran et al, 2020) followed by incubation and centrifugation to pellet out the bacterial biomass. After centrifugation most critical step of IONPs synthesis initiates by taking either supernatant (Sundaram et al, 2012;Fatemi et al, 2018;Jubran et al, 2020) or cell pellet (Fani et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018). The protocol after using pellet (dissolved in Phosphate Buffer Saline) required additional step of centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min and washing including short incubation in liquid nitrogen (−196°C) for 5 min, followed by subjecting the cells to a brief heat shock by steam bathing the cell pellet at 37°C for 15 min.…”

“…The protocol after using pellet (dissolved in Phosphate Buffer Saline) required additional step of centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min and washing including short incubation in liquid nitrogen (−196°C) for 5 min, followed by subjecting the cells to a brief heat shock by steam bathing the cell pellet at 37°C for 15 min. Nextly, centrifugation is done at 12000g for 30 min and the supernatant is collected as cytoplasmic extract (Fani et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018). In Kaul et al (2012), protocol, pellets are dissolved in sterile distilled water.…”

“…After the incubation initial indication of the nanoparticles is observed from the color change i.e., brick red to dark brown (Sundaram et al, 2012), colorless to black (Fani et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018), golden yellow to turbid brown (Fatemi et al, 2018) and dark green to blackish brown (Jubran et al, 2020) and the synthesized IONPs are dried and characterized. The synthesis of nanoparticles by Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus fermentum extract is little bit modified as there is inclusion of 10 min centrifugation at 2500 g to separate the synthesized nanoparticles followed by drying the pellet of NPs in the oven at 40°C for 24 h (Fani et al, 2018;Torabian et al, 2018). According to the protocol followed by Fatemi et al (2018), the synthesized IONPs were subjected to the filtration using Whatman Filter paper No.1 and 0.2 µm syringe filters.…”