El grupo Iskra y el "modelo leninista" de organización partidaria: Un debate en el seno de la socialdemocracia rusa

Abstract

In March 1902, Lenin published a book entitled What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement, proposing a model of party organization for the nascent Russian social democratic movement, which had to be organized nationally. The book has historically raised a number of questions, of which the most important are: Was Lenin proposing a new model of party organization (a "cadre party" as opposed to a "mass party") or simply adapting the example of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD, the backbone of the Second International) to the conditions of Russian autocracy and to the factional struggle against the "economists", the Jewish Bund and a series of local organizations? Did that model of party organization represent an individual initiative of Lenin, or was it the joint project of the group that published the newspaper Iskra (Spark), which had been appearing since the first of December 1900 and which would organize the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in July-August 1903? Finally, what was the connection between the model of party organization proposed in Lenin's book and the subsequent split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at the Second Congress of the RSDLP? In this article we will try to answer these questions in the light of a number of primary documents recently translated from Russian as well as of the criticism by Vera Zasulich, one of the most prominent representatives of the Iskra editorial board, of the tactics of individual terrorism employed by the newly created Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, a criticism published in the theoretical organ of the German Social Democracy, Die neue Zeit, in December 1902.

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