“…There is no overlap in 13 C between plants with C 3 and C 4 photosynthetic pathways, with C 3 plants having values in the -20 to -35‰ range and C 4 plants having values in the -7 to -15‰ range (Ehleringer andOsmond 1989, Dawson et al 2002). In contrast, 13 C in CAM plants can vary from about -10 to -22‰ (Ehleringer and Monson 1993, Santiago et al 2005, Silvera et al 2005, depending on the contribution of C 3 photosynthesis during the light phase of the CAM cycle (Winter and Holtum 2002), yet many CAM plants are easily recognizable by their succulent tissue (Andrade et al 2007). Within C 3 plant species, 13 C also provides information on carbon acquisition because the supply of CO 2 at the site of carboxylation determines discrimination against 13 CO 2 relative to 12 CO 2 during photosynthesis (Farquhar and Richards 1984), and when stomatal conductance is low, CO 2 is generally more scarce, so assimilation of 13 CO 2 increases, resulting in tissue with greater 13 C values (Cernusak et al 2013).…”