El Niño/Southern Oscillation during the 4.2 ka event recorded by growth rates of corals from the North South China Sea

Dang, Shaohua; Yu, Kefu; Tao, Shichen; Han, Tao; Zhang, Huiling; Jiang, Wei

doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1520-5

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…A collection of corals from the northern South China Sea (SCS) grew within the 4.1-4.5 kyBP window and indicate cooler and possibly wetter conditions at this time (Dang et al, 2020;X. Chen et al, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tropics‐wide evidence for major climate and environmental changes around 4 kyBP has led several authors to hypothesize that a shift in the frequency or magnitude of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, and/or a change in the mean state of the tropical Pacific, may underlie documented changes at this time (Booth et al., 2005; Dang et al., 2020; Li et al., 2018; Marchant & Hooghiemstra, 2004; Renssen, 2022; Scroxton et al., 2023; Toth & Aronson, 2019; Wang et al., 2022). The small number of multi‐millennium records of ENSO variability do indeed document a trend toward higher variability from the mid‐to late‐Holocene (e.g., Carré et al., 2014, 2021; Conroy et al., 2008; Du et al., 2021; Emile‐Geay et al., 2016; Koutavas & Joanides, 2012; Lawman et al., 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Borneo Stalagmite Evidence of Significantly Reduced El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Variability at 4.1 kyBP

Theaker,

Carolin,

Day

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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The timing and geographic extent of a potential “4.2 ky event” remain highly contested. Here we present records of ENSO variability at 3.8 kyBP and 4.1 kyBP derived from a Borneo stalagmite, which suggest a significant change in ENSO properties between these time intervals. The Borneo records show evidence of significantly reduced ENSO activity at 4.1 kyBP, relative to other measured windows within the Holocene. This reduced ENSO activity coincides with a period of drier conditions and enhanced dust events in the Middle East that took place ∼4.0–4.3 kyBP. The Borneo records show evidence of enhanced ENSO activity at 3.8 kyBP. Various hydroclimate changes attributed to the “4.2 ky event” in many regions may thus be reflecting a shift from reduced to enhanced El Niño activity that occurred between 3.8 kyBP to 4.0 kyBP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borneo Stalagmite Evidence of Significantly Reduced El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Variability at 4.1 kyBP

Theaker,

Carolin,

Day

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Due to the region’s tectonic stability, tectonic adjustment is unlikely to contribute to the sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand. However, the transgression in the Gulf of Thailand coincides with the abrupt climate shift at the 4-ka event, which was related to the cold phase increasing ice rafted debris in the North Atlantic (Berkelhammer et al, 2012; Bond et al, 1997; Wang et al, 2016), and potential connection to the El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) in the Equatorial Pacific (Dang et al, 2020; Toth and Aronson, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ENSO may have contributed to sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand during the Late-Holocene

Jirapinyakul,

Nudnara,

Punwong

et al. 2023

The Holocene

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The Gulf of Thailand is ideal for studying eustatic sea level fluctuations in Southeast Asia due to its shallow basin and tectonic stability. However, our understanding of how this region’s relative sea level (RSL) has fluctuated over the Holocene epoch is far from complete. In this study, we used lithostratigraphy, loss on ignition, grain size, and pollen analyses to reconstruct the environmental changes in the Sam Roi Yot wetland, which was significantly influenced by seawater intrusion, driven by fluctuations in RSL in the Gulf of Thailand. Therefore, the analyzed pollen records of the sediment core from the wetland reflected variabilities in the RSL in the Gulf of Thailand. Subsequently, we found that after a sea level highstand prior to 4000 cal y BP, the RSL gradually fell with two significant regressions at c. 2950 and 1850–1450 cal y BP before rising at 1450–1050 cal y BP and declining after that. The inconsistency between RSL reconstruction based on our results and the global sea level changes simulated by the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) model further suggests that long–term El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) variabilities may have played a significant role in sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand over the Late-Holocene period. Thus, during extended El Niño or La Niña conditions, the sea level would have been consistently lower or higher than expected from eustatic and isostatic processes alone. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering regional factors such as ENSO to understand sea level changes in Southeast Asia.

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“…There is consensus that the middle Holocene was a period of low El Nino variability, with some records showing clearly reduced variability between 5 and 3 ka (e.g. Dang et al, 2020;Toth and Aronson, 2019;Zhang et al, 2014). On the other hand, there are also records that indicate a marked increase in the variability and frequency of El Nino events near the end of the middle Holocene between 5 and 4 ka, suggesting this was the start of the modern ENSO regime present in the Late-Holocene (Koutavas et al, 2006;Li et al, 2018;Rein et al, 2005;Toth and Aronson, 2019;Toth et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate model experiments on the 4.2 ka event: The impact of tropical sea-surface temperature anomalies and desertification

Renssen

2022

The Holocene

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The 4.2 ka event is one of the most prominent climate events of the Holocene. In this study, several climate model experiments were performed to investigate its causal mechanism. The focus in these experiments was on the impact of anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with enhanced El Nino activity, as this has been proposed as an important driver for the event. Six different SST anomaly scenarios were considered, covering the tropical sectors of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. In addition, the possible impact of desertification in Northern Africa and Arabia was taken into account. The model results were evaluated against the global humidity anomaly signature for the 4.2 ka event as provided by proxy-based reconstructions from 129 different sites. It is found that a scenario with desertification and warm Pacific SSTs and cold Atlantic SSTs provides the best match with these proxies. This experiment produces significant decreases in precipitation in South Asia, West and East Africa, and increases in South America and northwest North America. These results are partly forced by the strong increase in albedo in North Africa and Arabia, leading to regional cooling and more stable atmospheric conditions, and partly by enhanced atmospheric moisture transport to South America related to an enhanced land-sea thermal contrast. Based on these results, it is proposed that the 4.2 ka event was caused by tropical SST anomalies, leading to drying in North Africa, assisted by ongoing desertification in Northern Africa and Arabia.

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El Niño/Southern Oscillation during the 4.2 ka event recorded by growth rates of corals from the North South China Sea

Cited by 21 publications

References 60 publications

Borneo Stalagmite Evidence of Significantly Reduced El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Variability at 4.1 kyBP

Borneo Stalagmite Evidence of Significantly Reduced El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Variability at 4.1 kyBP

ENSO may have contributed to sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand during the Late-Holocene

Climate model experiments on the 4.2 ka event: The impact of tropical sea-surface temperature anomalies and desertification

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