El Quinto Suyo from above and from Below: State Agency and Transnational Political Practices among Peruvian Migrants in The US and Europe

Voting here and there: political integration and transnational political engagement among immigrants in Europe

“…By encouraging dual citizenship, external voting and special legislative offices for emigrants, the Peruvian government tries to attract migrant remittances through fostering a sense of loyalty and belonging to Peru. Hence, the Peruvian government's mandatory voting laws, which require all citizens between the ages of 18 and 70 to vote irrespective of whether they reside in Peru, could explain the Peruvian immigrants' tendency to vote (Berg and Tamagno 2006). Unfortunately, the data used in the present analysis do not allow me to determine whether perceptions of belonging or mandatory legal obligations motivate Peruvian migrants to engage in homeland politics.…”

“…For instance, migration from former colonies has created unique patterns and experiences of post-colonial integration in the UK and Spain (Heath et al 2013;Hierro 2016). Accordingly, a few studies focus on how historical and contemporary contexts in the countries of origin shape immigrants' transnational political engagement from afar (Boccagni 2014;Berg and Tamagno 2006;Lafleur 2013;Levitt 2001). For example, despite the Colombian government's efforts to engage with its diaspora abroad, Colombians are less likely than other Latin American migrants to engage in transnational politics because of the widespread mistrust of and perceived corruption associated with Colombia's political culture (Guarnizo and Chaudhary 2014;.…”

“…More specifically, Peruvian immigrants are the most likely to have voted in their homeland's last elections, for which many contextual factors could be responsible. Like the diaspora engagement policies developed in Ecuador and other Latin American countries (Boccagni 2014;Escobar 2015;Morales and Pilati 2014), the Peruvian government has sought to cultivate and recognize that its growing diaspora represents a symbolic 'fifth region' of the country (Berg and Tamagno 2006). By encouraging dual citizenship, external voting and special legislative offices for emigrants, the Peruvian government tries to attract migrant remittances through fostering a sense of loyalty and belonging to Peru.…”

Plebiscito de la paz: participación electoral de los migrantes colombianos en Guayaquil (Ecuador)

“…La participación de transmigrantes no se había considerado como prioritaria hasta la década de 1990. La percepción de los gobiernos latinoamericanos giraba en torno a una imagen asociada a traición cívica, malas situaciones económicas y falta de oportunidades laborales (Berg, Tamagno, 2006). Los ciudadanos no-residentes en las últimas dos décadas han logrado ser considerados como parte de los grupos de influencia de la sociedad civil (Ardila, 2009).…”

Migration, Gender, and Politics

“…In fact, following on from Fujimori, his daughter Keiko, who now leads her own party, the Alianza por el Futuro (Alliance for the Future-AF), has continued with the huge task of providing assistance in poor neighborhoods that may have helped make her the most popular congressperson in the 2006 elections. Equally, during the 2001 elections and the early part of his administration (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006), President Alejandro Toledo took advantage of his indigenous roots and appearance (often publicly criticized by certain sectors of the population but similar to those of the majority of Peruvian voters) to present himself as the new national savior (Berg and Tamagno, 2006 organizations. Appealing to the purported natural feminine honesty that she embodied, the propaganda distributed by her party (in Peru as well as in Spain) stressed that she had "given her word as a woman," reinforcing the idea that women's promises are more credible than men's.…”