“…Even online higher education, that grew recently in Chile and in the world, is often the object of partial or incomplete outsourcing, in a constant race to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Although such measures have been implemented in Chile more as a way to segment work rendering it precarious [83], on the contrary, in cleaning, security and gardening activities reviewed by Downey and Portiño [84], as well as in cases closer to academic activity (faculty, research and digital services management), the rationale is one of internal rationalization, aiming at financial sustainability and competitiveness [85].…”