Transport proteins exhibiting broad substrate specificities are major determinants for the phenomenon of multidrug resistance. The Escherichia coli multidrug transporter EmrE, a 4-transmembrane, helical 12-kDa membrane protein, forms a functional dimer to transport a diverse array of aromatic, positively charged substrates in a proton/drug antiport fashion. Here, we report 13 Multidrug drug resistance, in particular bacterial resistance to clinical antibiotics, is a widely known phenomenon. Basic defense mechanisms of bacteria include permeability barriers, inactivation of antimicrobials, modification of antibiotic targets, and active drug efflux (1). Active efflux is conducted by primary and secondary active transport proteins and the latter are found in almost all transporter families (2). The molecular mechanism of the broad substrate specificity of multidrug efflux pumps is not yet fully understood. To this end structural studies are desirable, but currently only 13 three-dimensional structures of different transport proteins are known and not every transport family is represented. The only multidrug transporter with known three-dimensional structure is AcrB (4, 5). A three-dimensional structure of the ABC transporter Sav1866 has also been reported (6), which is assumed to function as a multidrug efflux pump.Here, we are especially interested in Escherichia coli EmrE, a member of the medically relevant SMR 2 protein family (TC number 2.A.7.1 (8, 9)). Due to its small size (12 kDa), EmrE was originally proposed as ideal structure-function paradigm (10). It has attracted significant interest due to its controversial topological organization (11-15), oligomerization state (16 -19), transport cycle steps (12, 20 -23), and unknown three-dimensional structure (24). EmrE transports a diverse array of aromatic, positively charged substrates in exchange for protons (21) via at least one occluded transport cycle intermediate state (25). Other SMR proteins have overlapping but significantly different substrate specificities with measured affinities in the nanomolar to millimolar range (20, 26). All SMR proteins are of similar size (ϳ11-12 kDa), have a 4-transmembrane helix topology and a highly conserved key residue Glu 14 (20,27). It has been shown that Glu 14 is an essential residue and directly involved in drug and proton binding (28 -30). It can reasonably be assumed, that Glu 14 of both protomers in a dimer form a shared binding pocket (31,32).Whether EmrE forms a symmetric or an asymmetric dimer should be reflected in the chemical shifts of residues such as Glu 14 , which are likely to be found at the dimerization interface. We therefore 13 C-labeled Glu 14 in EmrE by utilizing a cell-free expression system. To allow an unambiguous NMR analysis, the nonessential residue Glu 25 was replaced with alanine (EmrE E25A) to create a single glutamate mutant. The protein was reconstituted into E. coli lipids allowing the most native environment possible. The sample was maintained at pH 8.0. Under these conditions, withou...