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Recent Development of Flax Fibres and Their Reinforced Composites Based on Different Polymeric Matrices

“…There are still a number of available pre-treatments, such as benzoylation [49], etherification [50], isocyanate treatment [51], peroxide treatment [38], sodium chlorite [52] and stearic acid treatment [53]. In benzoylation treatment, benzoyl chloride is most often used in fibre pretreatment.…”

“…Table 5 shows the collected mechanical properties of flax-reinforced composites based on different matrices. Except for mechanical performance, the physical information of flax fibres and associated composites, could be obtained through various approaches, such as DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) [54], DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) [54], X-ray diffraction [34], SEM (scanning electron microscopy) [54,55] and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) [53,56]. …”

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites

“…In this figure the Lorentz correction is used, i.e. the intensity used is I*q 2 where I is the measured intensity and q is the scattering vector, which makes the relatively weak broad peak shown by the nano-composite with 5wt.% Nanomer I30E clearer [25]. This value can be converted to the intergallery spacing using d=2π/q p where d is the d-spacing and q p is the peak position.…”

“…Thin sheets of the composites, about 1mm thick, were cast in steel moulds and cured as described above. The data were corrected for background and detector response, and azimuthally averaged to the one-dimensional form of intensity versus the scattering wavevector, q, where q=(4π/λ w )sinθ; where λ w is the wavelength and θ is the diffraction angle [25].…”

Surface characterization by XPS, contact angle measurements and ToF-SIMS of cellulose fibers partially esterified with fatty acids

“…The fine-tuned characterization of the surface of the modified fibers constitutes therefore an essential requirement in this type of study. Among the analytical techniques available for this purpose, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are well suited to investigate lignocellulosic fibers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and their derivatives [11][12][13][14][15]. The sampling depths associated with XPS and ToF-SIMS are typically 3-10 nm and 0.2-1 nm, respectively.…”