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Abstract

In an attempt to eliminate similar item content as an alternative explanation for the relation between depression and rumination, a secondary analysis was conducted using the data from S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Larson, and C. Grayson (1999). After constructing a measure of rumination unconfounded with depression content, support for a two factor model of rumination was found. These analyses indicate that the 2 components, reflective pondering and brooding, differentially relate to depression in terms of predictive ability and gender difference mediation. The results presented here support the general premise of Nolen-Hoeksema's Response Styles Theory (S. Nolen-Hoeksema 1987) that rumination can contribute to more depressive symptoms and to the gender difference in depression, but suggest important refinements of the theory. Such refinements include the need to differentiate between the reflective pondering component of rumination and the brooding component in rumination research.

Effects of Attachment Representations, Rumination, and Trait Depression on Co-Rumination in Friendships: A Dyadic Analysis

“…Rose et al, 2007), little was known about the personal characteristics that are potentially related to co-rumination. Drawing ideas from research on attachment, rumination, and trait depression, the current study attempted to demonstrate whether these personal characteristics, which have been found to be related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (Campbell et al, 2001;Schwartz-Mette & Rose, 2012;Treynor et al, 2003), would be related to co-rumination.…”

“…Therefore, it is possible that people who possess a predisposition to trait depression may be more likely to engage in co-rumination. In fact, past research has found that depressed individuals tend to engage in emotion-focused coping strategies such as self-criticism, mental rumination, overt displays of distress, and wishful thinking (Mikulincer & Florian, 2004;Treynor et al, 2003). For this reason, the current study intends to conceptualize and examine depression as a stable characteristic, rather than a temporary way of feeling, and as a predictor of co-rumination.…”

“…Furthermore, past studies have shown that anxiously attached, depressive, and ruminative individuals tend to experience greater levels of negative emotions when dealing with stress and problems (Campbell et al, 2001;Schwartz-Mette & Rose, 2012;Treynor et al, 2003). It is possible that their negative emotions may spill over to their friend during the process of emotional disclosure which, in turn, may elicit greater levels of co-rumination from a friend.…”

“…(see Appendix D) to measure their use of a ruminative coping style (RRS; Treynor et al, 2003). The items describe self-focused and symptom focused responses to depressed mood as well as responses that are focused on the causes and potential consequences of the mood.…”

“…Surprisingly, less is known about the predictors of co-rumination. Drawing ideas from research on attachment, rumination, and trait depression, the current study attempts to demonstrate whether these personal characteristics, which have been found to be related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (Campbell, Simpson, Kashy, & Rholes, 2001;Schwartz-Mette & Rose, 2012;Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003), would be related to co-rumination. Since these constructs have been found to be important indicators of emotion regulation in interpersonal relationships, they may be predictive of co-rumination.…”