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Growth of KTP crystals with large {001} facets

“…This is consistent with the theoretical calculations within the titanyl association model showing that the {0 0 1} faces are rough above 770 1C [9], namely far below the growth temperatures of 900-1000 1C. The situation does not change even when an appreciable amounts of PbO modifier, up to 50 wt% of K6, is added to the flux [3,4]. PbO is primarily added to reduce the flux viscosity, to lower its temperature and thus allow for the use of more concentrated (in terms of KTP) solutions (higher crystal yield) and to diminish the probability of spurious nucleation on crucible walls.…”

“…Large Z-cut plates are usually fabricated from KTP crystals pulled on Z-oriented seeds from K 6 P 4 O 13 (K6) self-fluxes (with and without the addition of PbO modifier [3]) by the top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. The crystals are single domain, but the plates are compositionally nonuniform in the X-Y plane, which causes difficulties with electrical poling and produces faulty PDS.…”

Growth of lithium niobate crystals with a periodic domain structure by a modified zone melting method

“…This result proves unambiguously that the periodic ferroelectric domain structure is not induced by other factors than the periodic temperature oscillations. This conclusion is consistent with those reported by Ming et al [11] and Roth et al [17], i.e. that the periodic temperature oscillations can effectually produce as-grown PDS.…”

“…The method involves crystal growth with periodic temperature oscillations. Roth et al [17] have first presented a temperature modulation technique for obtaining as-grown PDS of KTP crystals by the top-seeded solution growth method. They have studied the domain formation mechanisms in theory and achieved good results in experiments.…”

Growth of high resistivity RbTiOPO4 crystals

“…This explains also why single ferroelectric domain RTP crystals can be obtained, like in this work, even if the growth proceeds above the Curie temperature. More details about the domain formation mechanisms are given elsewhere [20].…”